• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.400-420
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• 1998

We already know that it is very difficult to obtain an "isolated field" for direct bonding during the surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. The aim of this in-vitro study is to simulate the clinical situation of forced eruption and to evaluate the tensile strengths of preligatured button with several types of contamination which can happen during the surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. Four orthodontic direct bonding systems were used. ($Ortho-One^{TM}$, $Rely-a-Bond^{(R)}$, $Ortho-Two^{TM}$, Phase $II^{(R)}$) Each material was divided into four groups(n=20) : Group 1. (Control, no contamination), Group 2. (Rinse etching agent with saline instead of water), Group 3. (Blood contamination of etched surface for 30 seconds), Group 4. (Blood contamination of primed surface for 30 seconds) 320 bovine anterior permanent teeth were divided into the above mentioned 16 groups. Enamel surface was flattened and ground under water coolant. Pre-ligatured buttons were prepared to the same form. (Cut 0.25 ligature wire 10 cm in length. Twist the ligature wire 30 times clockwise. Mark the wire 15mm and 35mm points from button. Make a loop sticking two points together and twist the loop 6 times counterclockwise.) The bonded specimens were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ saline solution for 3 days. Then the tensile strength of each sample was measured with Instron universal testing machine, crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The following results were obtained: 1. As compared to control groups (Group 1) of each material, Rely-a-Bond had a significantly lower mean tensile strengths than other material. (p<0.01) 2. In Group 2. of Ortho-One and Rely-a-Bond, the mean tensile strengths decreased about 7.7% and 11.1%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.05) 3. In Group 2. of Ortho-Two and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths did not decrease. 4. In Group 3. of Ortho-One, Rely-a-Bond, Ortho-Two, and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths decreased about 60.8%, 56.1%, 60.2%, and 46.0%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.01) 5. In Group 4. of Ortho-One and Rely-a-Bond, the mean tensile strengths did not decrease. 6. In Group 4. of Ortho-Two and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths were decreased about 20.95% and 22.28%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.01) There were formations of a hump shaped mass from bonding resin under blood contamination which disturbed direct bonding procedure. According to Reynolds, the proper bond strength for clinical manipulation should be at least 45N or about 4.5Kg.F. According to these results, it can be concluded that Ortho-One could be used during surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. In any case, blood contamination of the etched surface should be avoided, but the blood contamination of primed surface of Ortho-One may not decrease bond strength. Just 'blowing-out' is enough to remove blood from primed surface of Ortho-One. You can verify the clean surface of the primer of Ortho-One after blowing out the blood contamination.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.99-119
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• 2003

A model is proposed for the role of emotional intensity of a web site, and the moderating influence of product involvement, in the Integrative Framework of persuasion (Meyers-Levy and Malvaiya 1999). The model also appropriately operationalizes the constructs emotional intensity of a web site and product involvement The three routes to persuasion, Central, Peripheral, and Experiential correspond to high, moderate, and low involvement (Meyers-Levy and Malaviya 1999). The involvement construct is measured from message recipients using the Personal Product Inventory (Pill, which was developed to capture the concept of product involvement (Zaichkowsky 1985). The conceptualization of the Personal Product Inventory is a contextrree measure that also has robust psychometric properties when applied to advertisements (Zaichkowsky 1994). The propositions highlight the expected importance of emotional intensity of a web site. The moderating influence of product involvement is also proposed. Specifically, what this work proposes is that the emotional intensity of a product site has a larger impact on attitude change under low product involvement, as opposed to moderate product involvement. Support for this reasoning can be found in the persuasion literature (Petty et al 1986). The Petty et al (1986) frame work is a dual process descriptive and predictive frame work in the area of altitude formation and change. Recently, Myers Levy and Malaviya (1999) have proposed a tri-process framework. This is in tum based on the dual process model of Petty et al. (1986). The study outlined in this paper aims to deepen the Meyers Levy and Malaviya (1999) and frame work. The propositions outlined in the model are empirically tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The emotional intensity is measured using a scale that is based on experts judgments. Using a paired comparison t-test two sites are determined to be of high and low emotional intensity. The model is tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The first independent variable Emotional Intensity of the site is manipulated. The Second independent variable, Personal Product Inventory is measured. While, the dependent variable, product altitude change will also be measured. Utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) the data is analyzed using SPSS. The results suggest that besides the rational content of messages their emotional content can also influence attitude change. Specifically, it is proposed that the manipulation of emotional intensity of a product Web site has a greater impact on product altitudes under high and low product involvement conditions, rather than moderate product involvement. However, the results for product involvement as a continuous variable has a p value of 0.09. Further, the results for three levels of product involvement were far from significant. For two levels of product involvement also, the results were insignificant, the p value approached 0.20. This evidence indicates that it is premature to conclude that there are three routes to persuasion. A caveat, however, must be added, in that the manipulations may not have been strong enough to test the proposed hypotheses. Further, undoubtedly, there is unequivocal evidence the emotional intensity of a product Web site, as measured here, has a direct impact on product attitudes.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis is centrally controlled by a complex regulatory network of excitatory and inhibitory signals, that is dormant during infantile and juvenile periods and activated at puberty. The kisspeptins are the peptide products of the KiSS-1 gene and the endogenous agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor 54(GPR54). Although KiSS-1 was initially discovered as a metastasis suppressor gene, a recent evidence suggests the KiSS-1/GPR54 system is a key regulator of the reproductive system. Yet the actual role of the KiSS-1/GPR54 system in the neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion remains largely unexplored, the system could be the first missing link in the reproductive hormonal axis. Central or peripheral administration of kisspeptin stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, increasing circulating gonadotropin levels in rodents, sheep, monkey and human models. These effects appear likely to be mediated via the hypothalamic GnRH neuron system, although kisspeptins may have direct effects on the anterior pituitary gland. The loss of function mutations of the GPR54(GPR54-/-) have been associated with lack of puberty onset and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(IHH). So kisspeptin infusion may provide a novel mechanism for HPG axis manipulation in disorders of the reproductive system.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.150-156
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• 2008

An applied technique of contrast enhancement for X-ray image is proposed which is based on combined enhancement of scaling and wavelet coefficients in discrete wavelet transform space. Conventional contrast enhancement methods such as contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), multi-scale image contrast amplification (MUSICA) and gamma correction were applied on scaling coefficients to enhance the contrast of an original. In order to enhance the detail as well as reduce the blurring caused by up scaling of contrast modified scale coefficients from lower resolution, the sigmoid manipulation function was used to manipulate wavelet coefficients. The contrast detail mammography (CDMAM) phantom was imaged and processed to measure the image line profile of results and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) comparatively. The proposed technique produced better results than direct application of various contrast enhancement methods on image itself. The proposed method can enhance contrast, and also suppress the amplification of noise components in a single process. It could be useful for various applications in medical, industrial and graphical images where contrast and detail are of importance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.415-422
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• 2013

The contents development for the Internet and cyber tour has been attempted in a number of areas. 3D topography of the spatial environment, land planning and land information contents as a 3D tour of the future ubiquitous city safe for tourism due to the implementation of information made available major area. Domestic service, and in urban areas of the country where land and precise spatial information in order to shoot satellites and aircraft in the area you want to mount the camera on a variety of photo images taken by conducting 3D spatial that is required is able to obtain the information. Geo spatial information in a variety of direct or indirect acquisition of the initial spatial data into a database for accurate collection, storage, editing, manipulation and application technology changes in the future by establishing a database of 3D spatial by securing content organization ubiquitous tourist to take advantage of new tourism industry was greatly. As a result of this study for future tourism using geo spatial information and analysis of 3D modeling by intelligent land information indirectly, with quite a few stereo site experience and a variety of tourist spatial acquisition and utilization of information could prove.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.116-126
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• 1993

The finite element method(FEM) has been commonly used for structural dynamic analysis. However, the direct global application of FEM to large complex structures such as ships and offshore structures requires considerable computational efforts, and remarkably more in structural dynamic optimization problems. Adoption of the component-mode synthesis method is an efficient means to overcome the above difficulty. Among three classes of the component-mode synthesis method, the free-interface mode method is recognized to have the advantages of better computational efficiency and easier implementation of substructures' experimental results, but the disadvantage of lower accuracy in analytical results. In this paper, an advanced method to improve the accuracy in the application of the free-interface mode method for the vibration analysis of large complex structures is presented. In order to compensate the truncation effect of the higher modes of substructures in the synthesis process, both residual inertia and stiffness effects are taken into account and a frequency shifting technique is introduced in the formulation of the residual compliance of substructures. The introduction of the frequency shrift ins not only excludes cumbersome manipulation of singular matrices for semi-definite substructural systems but gives more accurate results around the specified shifting frequency. Numerical examples of typical structural models including a ship-like two dimensional finite element model show that the analysis results based on the presented method are well competitive in accuracy with those obtained by the direst global FEM analysis for the frequencies which are lower than the highest one employed in the synthesis with remarkably higher computational efficiency and that the presented method is more efficient and accurate than the fixed-interface mode method.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.10.1-10
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• 1982

The use of phonosurgery in the recent development of laryngomicrosurgery has enabled the restoration of a normal voice in respect to functional laryngeal surgery which in Korea in the past limited to simple removal of benign laryngeal tumor such as laryngeal polyp or nodules and cordal injection of $Teflon^{{\circledR}}$ for the treatment of recurrent nerve paralysis under the vision of suspension laryngoscopy. Performance of phonosurgery for the treatment of cord paralysis, mutational dysphonia, vocal cord atrophy, hyperkinetic dysphonia and sulcus vocalis is a happy event in the view point of development of phonosurgery in Korea. In this aspect thyroplasty to change the position and physical characteristics of the cord outside the glottis instead of the direct handling of the vocal cord through direct endoscopy is popular. Among the 4 types of thyroplasty, classified by Insshiki(1974), type I thyroplasty(1ateral compression of vocal cord) and type IV thyroplasty(lengthening of vocal cord) were effective in the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Advantages of this operation are the fine adjustment of the degree of lateral compression under local anesthesia according to the phonation of the patient during operation and avoidance of dyspnea and intralaryngeal hemorrhage due to the manipulation outside the internal perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage. We did 7 cases of thyroplasty for the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in the 7 months from September 1981 to March 1982. Before the operation aerodynamic study, psychoacoustical evaluation, stroboscopy and sound spectrographic analysis were done. Two months after the operation the above procedures were performed again. Results of preoperative and postoperative examination were compared and the following results were obtained. 1) In the aerodynamic study, maximum phonation time increased to 158% of the preoperative value and the phonation quotient and the mean flow rate decreased to 58% and 54% of preoperative values. 2) The degree of hoarseness improved in the psychoacoustical evaluation and the glottic chink during phonation was decreased in the stroboscopic examiantion. 3) In the sound spectrographic analysis, periodicity was much restored and noise distribution decreased especially in the high frequency area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.141-155
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Nd:YAG laser and the Er:YAAG laser on etching enamel for direct bonding of orthodontic bracket. The advantages of laser etching rather than conventional acid etching are to reduce the subsurface demineralization rate, to inhibit the spillage of acid onto uninvolved ""its of enamel, and to save the clinical manipulation time involving drying, trashing and drying again. 189 freshly extracted human premolars were prepared for this research. 165 out of them were divided into 11 groups of 15 teeth. One group was acid etching and the rest groups were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser by four different energy levels(100mj 10pps, 100mj 20pps, 150mj 20pps, 200mj 20pps) and with Er:YAG laser by six different energy levels(60mj 5pps, 60mj 10pps, 100mj 10pps. 200mj 10pps, 200mj l5pps, 400mj 10pps). Shear bond strength was tested with Instron after 24 hours, one week, and three weeks. Twenty-four out of 189 teeth were divided into twelve groups untreated control, acid etching, and ten laser irradiation subgroups. And the ultrastructural enamel surfaces of each group were observed with scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. The means and the standard deviations of shear bond strength of Nd:YAG and Er:YAU laser irradiation by different energy levels were obtained. 2. Shear bond strengths of Er:YAG laser irradiation groups were higher than those of Nd:YAG laser irradiation groups at the identical energy level. 3. Maximum bond strengths was achieved at the energy of I50mj, 20pps in Nd:YAG laser irradiation groups or 60mj, 10pps in Er:YAG laser irradiation groups. 4. It was acceptible for direct bonding to irradiate lb0mj 20pps with Nd:YAG laser or to irradiate 60mj 10pps with Er:YAG laser considering the results of shear bond strength tests and SEM obsesvation.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2011

1. Introduction: Contrast to the offline purchasing environment, online store cannot offer the sense of touch or direct visual information of its product to the consumers. So the builder of the online shopping mall should provide more concrete and detailed product information(Kim 2008), and Alba (1997) also predicted that the quality of the offered information is determined by the post-purchase consumer satisfaction. In practice, many fashion and apparel online shopping malls offer the picture information with the product on the real person model to enhance the usefulness of product information. On the other virtual product experience has been suggested to the ways of overcoming the online consumers' limited perceptual capability (Jiang & Benbasat 2005). However, the adoption and the facilitation of the virtual reality tools requires high investment and technical specialty compared to the text/picture product information offerings (Shaffer 2006). This could make the entry barrier to the online shopping to the small retailers and sometimes it could be demanding high level of consumers' perceptual efforts. So the expensive technological solution could affects negatively to the consumer decision making processes. Nevertheless, most of the previous research on the online product information provision suggests the VR be the more effective tools. 2. Research Model and Hypothesis: Presented in