• Title/Summary/Keyword: direct/indirect optimization

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- A Study on Safety of the Radiation Exposure Dose Optimization at Chest B-ray Examinations - (사업장 단체검진 시 흉부촬영의 방사선피폭 최적화 및 안전에 대한 고찰)

  • Rhim Jae Dong;Kang Kyong Sik
    • Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.87-97
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    • 2004
  • The National Health Insurance Act, the Industrial Health Act and the School Health Act require chest radiography at least once a year. In chest radiographic examination, most group examinations use indirect X-ray primarily aiming at diagnosing diseases and enhancing people's health. This study purposed to minimize radiation exposure dose by comparing it between direct and indirect chest X-ray studies. According to the result of comparing and analyzing radiation exposure dose, the average incident dose and penetrating dose were 0.929μGy and 0.179μGy respectively in direct chest X-ray and 6.807μGy and 1.337μGy in indirect chest X-ray In order to minimize radiation exposure dose at direct and indirect chest X-ray, indirect X-ray should be excluded from group examination if possible. Moreover, it is necessary to control the quality of equipment (Q/A & Q/C) systematically and to avoid using unqualified equipment in order to reduce radiation exposure dose.

Fuel-Optimal Altitude Maintenance of Low-Earth-Orbit Spacecrafts by Combined Direct/Indirect Optimization

  • Kim, Kyung-Ha;Park, Chandeok;Park, Sang-Young
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.379-386
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    • 2015
  • This work presents fuel-optimal altitude maintenance of Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) spacecrafts experiencing non-negligible air drag and J2 perturbation. A pseudospectral (direct) method is first applied to roughly estimate an optimal fuel consumption strategy, which is employed as an initial guess to precisely determine itself. Based on the physical specifications of KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2), a Korean artificial satellite, numerical simulations show that a satellite ascends with full thrust at the early stage of the maneuver period and then descends with null thrust. While the thrust profile is presumably bang-off, it is difficult to precisely determine the switching time by using a pseudospectral method only. This is expected, since the optimal switching epoch does not coincide with one of the collocation points prescribed by the pseudospectral method, in general. As an attempt to precisely determine the switching time and the associated optimal thrust history, a shooting (indirect) method is then employed with the initial guess being obtained through the pseudospectral method. This hybrid process allows the determination of the optimal fuel consumption for LEO spacecrafts and their thrust profiles efficiently and precisely.

인공위성 편대비행의 최적 경로 산출을 위한 Parameter Optimization 기법 적용 연구

  • 임형철;박필호;박종욱;조정호;이우경
    • Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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    • 2004.04a
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    • pp.58-58
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    • 2004
  • 인공위성 편대비행에서는 위성간 거리가 수 미터에서 수 킬로미터에 달하기 때문에 궤도 배치 및 재배치시 위성간 충돌의 문제는 매우 중요하다. 따라서 궤도 배치 및 재배치 단계에서 위성간 충돌을 피하고, 연료소모를 최소화시키면서 목적한 최종 배치를 만족시키는 최적경로를 산출하는 방법이 최근들어 연구되고 있다. 최적 경로를 산출하는 궤적 최적화 (Trajectory optimization) 문제를 풀기 위한 방법으로 크게 직접적인 (Direct) 방법과 간접적인 (Indirect) 방법이 있다. (중략)

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Trends of Direct/Indirect Coal Liquefaction Technologies (직·간접 석탄액화 기술 동향)

  • Park, Joo-Won;Park, Chulhwan;Kim, Hak-Joo;Jung, Heon;Han, Choon
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.248-257
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    • 2008
  • Coal liquefaction technology was established in Germany in 1920s. Coal liquefaction refers to the process in which coal is converted into liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil under certain conditions. Coal liquefaction is usually classified into direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Various technologies for coal liquefaction, conducted between 1970s and 2000s, resulted in the development and optimization of a communication ready technology for the production of petroleum substitutes as refinery feedstocks. The purpose of this paper is to review the research, development and demonstration of coal liquefaction. In these respects, various DCL and ICL processes under development were illustrated and compared. Also, the status and perspective of coal liquefaction projects in the world were viewed. Considering the scale, and technical difficulties of domestic coal liquefaction, the project has be leaded by the government.

A Hybrid Blockchain-Based Approach for Secure and Efficient IoT Identity Management

  • Abdulaleem Ali Almazroi;Nouf Atiahallah Alghanmi
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.11-25
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    • 2024
  • The proliferation of IoT devices has presented an unprecedented challenge in managing device identities securely and efficiently. In this paper, we introduce an innovative Hybrid Blockchain-Based Approach for IoT Identity Management that prioritizes both security and efficiency. Our hybrid solution, strategically combines the advantages of direct and indirect connections, yielding exceptional performance. This approach delivers reduced latency, optimized network utilization, and energy efficiency by leveraging local cluster interactions for routine tasks while resorting to indirect blockchain connections for critical processes. This paper presents a comprehensive solution to the complex challenges associated with IoT identity management. Our Hybrid Blockchain-Based Approach sets a new benchmark for secure and efficient identity management within IoT ecosystems, arising from the synergy between direct and indirect connections. This serves as a foundational framework for future endeavors, including optimization strategies, scalability enhancements, and the integration of advanced encryption methodologies. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of tailored strategies in shaping the future of IoT identity management through innovative blockchain integration.

Multihazard capacity optimization of an NPP using a multi-objective genetic algorithm and sampling-based PSA

  • Eujeong Choi;Shinyoung Kwag;Daegi Hahm
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.644-654
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    • 2024
  • After the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (Japan, 2011), regulatory efforts to mitigate external hazards have increased both the safety requirements and the total capital cost of nuclear power plants (NPPs). In these circumstances, identifying not only disaster robustness but also cost-effective capacity setting of NPPs has become one of the most important tasks for the nuclear power industry. A few studies have been performed to relocate the seismic capacity of NPPs, yet the effects of multiple hazards have not been accounted for in NPP capacity optimization. The major challenges in extending this problem to the multihazard dimension are (1) the high computational costs for both multihazard risk quantification and system-level optimization and (2) the lack of capital cost databases of NPPs. To resolve these issues, this paper proposes an effective method that identifies the optimal multihazard capacity of NPPs using a multi-objective genetic algorithm and the two-stage direct quantification of fault trees using Monte Carlo simulation method, called the two-stage DQFM. Also, a capacity-based indirect capital cost measure is proposed. Such a proposed method enables NPP to achieve safety and cost-effectiveness against multi-hazard simultaneously within the computationally efficient platform. The proposed multihazard capacity optimization framework is demonstrated and tested with an earthquake-tsunami example.

Time-Profit Trade-Off of Construction Projects Under Extreme Weather Conditions

  • Senouci, Ahmed;Mubarak, Saleh
    • Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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    • v.4 no.4
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    • pp.33-40
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    • 2014
  • Maximizing the profitability and minimizing the duration of construction projects in extreme weather regions is a challenging objective that is essential for project success. An optimization model is presented herein for the time-profit trade-off analysis of construction projects under extreme weather conditions. The model generates optimal/near optimal schedules that maximize profit and minimize the duration of construction projects in extreme weather regions. The computations in the model are organized into: (1) a scheduling module that develops practical schedules for construction projects, (2) a profit module that computes project costs (direct, indirect, and total) and project profit, and (3) a multi-objective module that determines optimal/near optimal trade-offs between project duration and profit. One example is used to show the impact of extreme weather on construction time and profit. Another example is used to show the model's ability to generate optimal trade-offs between the time and profit of construction projects under extreme weather conditions.

Social Network-based Hybrid Collaborative Filtering using Genetic Algorithms (유전자 알고리즘을 활용한 소셜네트워크 기반 하이브리드 협업필터링)

  • Noh, Heeryong;Choi, Seulbi;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.19-38
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    • 2017
  • Collaborative filtering (CF) algorithm has been popularly used for implementing recommender systems. Until now, there have been many prior studies to improve the accuracy of CF. Among them, some recent studies adopt 'hybrid recommendation approach', which enhances the performance of conventional CF by using additional information. In this research, we propose a new hybrid recommender system which fuses CF and the results from the social network analysis on trust and distrust relationship networks among users to enhance prediction accuracy. The proposed algorithm of our study is based on memory-based CF. But, when calculating the similarity between users in CF, our proposed algorithm considers not only the correlation of the users' numeric rating patterns, but also the users' in-degree centrality values derived from trust and distrust relationship networks. In specific, it is designed to amplify the similarity between a target user and his or her neighbor when the neighbor has higher in-degree centrality in the trust relationship network. Also, it attenuates the similarity between a target user and his or her neighbor when the neighbor has higher in-degree centrality in the distrust relationship network. Our proposed algorithm considers four (4) types of user relationships - direct trust, indirect trust, direct distrust, and indirect distrust - in total. And, it uses four adjusting coefficients, which adjusts the level of amplification / attenuation for in-degree centrality values derived from direct / indirect trust and distrust relationship networks. To determine optimal adjusting coefficients, genetic algorithms (GA) has been adopted. Under this background, we named our proposed algorithm as SNACF-GA (Social Network Analysis - based CF using GA). To validate the performance of the SNACF-GA, we used a real-world data set which is called 'Extended Epinions dataset' provided by 'trustlet.org'. It is the data set contains user responses (rating scores and reviews) after purchasing specific items (e.g. car, movie, music, book) as well as trust / distrust relationship information indicating whom to trust or distrust between users. The experimental system was basically developed using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), but we also used UCINET 6 for calculating the in-degree centrality of trust / distrust relationship networks. In addition, we used Palisade Software's Evolver, which is a commercial software implements genetic algorithm. To examine the effectiveness of our proposed system more precisely, we adopted two comparison models. The first comparison model is conventional CF. It only uses users' explicit numeric ratings when calculating the similarities between users. That is, it does not consider trust / distrust relationship between users at all. The second comparison model is SNACF (Social Network Analysis - based CF). SNACF differs from the proposed algorithm SNACF-GA in that it considers only direct trust / distrust relationships. It also does not use GA optimization. The performances of the proposed algorithm and comparison models were evaluated by using average MAE (mean absolute error). Experimental result showed that the optimal adjusting coefficients for direct trust, indirect trust, direct distrust, indirect distrust were 0, 1.4287, 1.5, 0.4615 each. This implies that distrust relationships between users are more important than trust ones in recommender systems. From the perspective of recommendation accuracy, SNACF-GA (Avg. MAE = 0.111943), the proposed algorithm which reflects both direct and indirect trust / distrust relationships information, was found to greatly outperform a conventional CF (Avg. MAE = 0.112638). Also, the algorithm showed better recommendation accuracy than the SNACF (Avg. MAE = 0.112209). To confirm whether these differences are statistically significant or not, we applied paired samples t-test. The results from the paired samples t-test presented that the difference between SNACF-GA and conventional CF was statistical significant at the 1% significance level, and the difference between SNACF-GA and SNACF was statistical significant at the 5%. Our study found that the trust/distrust relationship can be important information for improving performance of recommendation algorithms. Especially, distrust relationship information was found to have a greater impact on the performance improvement of CF. This implies that we need to have more attention on distrust (negative) relationships rather than trust (positive) ones when tracking and managing social relationships between users.

A Study on Numerical Optimization Method for Aerodynamic Design (공력설계를 위한 수치최적설계기법의 연구)

  • Jin, Xue-Song;Choi, Jae-Ho;Kim, Kwang-Yong
    • The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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    • v.2 no.1 s.2
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    • pp.29-34
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    • 1999
  • To develop the efficient numerical optimization method for the design of an airfoil, an evaluation of various methods coupled with two-dimensional Naviev-Stokes analysis is presented. Simplex method and Hook-Jeeves method we used as direct search methods, and steepest descent method, conjugate gradient method and DFP method are used as indirect search methods and are tested to determine the search direction. To determine the moving distance, the golden section method and cubic interpolation method are tested. The finite volume method is used to discretize two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, and SIMPLEC algorithm is used for a velocity-pressure correction method. For the optimal design of two-dimensional airfoil, maximum thickness, maximum ordinate of camber line and chordwise position of maximum ordinate are chosen as design variables, and the ratio of drag coefficient to lift coefficient is selected as an objective function. From the results, it is found that conjugate gradient method and cubic interpolation method are the most efficient for the determination of search direction and the moving distance, respectively.

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Schedule Optimization in Resource Leveling through Open BIM Based Computer Simulations

  • Kim, Hyun-Joo
    • Journal of KIBIM
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2019
  • In this research, schedule optimization is defined as balancing the number of workers while keeping the demand and needs of the project resources, creating the perfect schedule for each activity. Therefore, when one optimizes a schedule, multiple potentials of schedule changes are assessed to get an instant view of changes that avoid any over and under staffing while maximizing productivity levels for the available labor cost. Optimizing the number of workers in the scheduling process is not a simple task since it usually involves many different factors to be considered such as the development of quantity take-offs, cost estimating, scheduling, direct/indirect costs, and borrowing costs in cash flow while each factor affecting the others simultaneously. That is why the optimization process usually requires complex computational simulations/modeling. This research attempts to find an optimal selection of daily maximum workers in a project while considering the impacts of other factors at the same time through OPEN BIM based multiple computer simulations in resource leveling. This paper integrates several different processes such as quantity take-offs, cost estimating, and scheduling processes through computer aided simulations and prediction in generating/comparing different outcomes of each process. To achieve interoperability among different simulation processes, this research utilized data exchanges supported by building SMART-IFC effort in automating the data extraction and retrieval. Numerous computer simulations were run, which included necessary aspects of construction scheduling, to produce sufficient alternatives for a given project.