• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2001

We studied adaptive response in CHL cells by benzidine dihydrochloride, a derivative of benzidine, which was a major mutagenic agent in dye industry. Chromosome aberration analysis was used for the identification of adaptive response to this mutagen. Adaptive and reactive doses were confirmed by cell proliferation rate curve. Cell proliferation rate curve was obtained from the mitotic indices of cells treated with various concentrations of benzidine dihydrochloride for 24 hours. Marked adaptive responses to benzidine dihydrochloride in the induction of chromosome aberration were observed in CHL cells by pre-treatment with low concentrations of benzidine dihydrochloride (0.0047 mg/$m\ell$ or 0.0094 mg/$m\ell$) for 24 hours following post-treatment with high concentrations (0.0187, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.15 mg/$m\ell$) for 24 hours. These adaptive responses were found mostly in the type of chromatid breaks and chromatid exchanges. There is no difference in these results between two adaptive doses, 0.0047 mg/$m\ell$ and 0.0094 mg/$m\ell$. The amount of adaptive response, however, was dependent on post-treatment doses.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.142-147
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• 1965

The crystal structure of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride has been determined from X-ray oscillation and Weissenberg photographs. The crystal is triclinic, space group $C_i1-P{\bar\1},$ with cell dimensions $a = 4.38{\pm}0.02, b = 5.90{\pm}0.02, c = 8.76{\pm}0.03 {\AA}, {\alpha} = 110{\AA}1, {\beta} = 96{\pm}1\; and\; {\gamma} = 101{\pm}1^{\circ}.$ There is one molecule in the unit cell. The atomic coordinates were found by means of two-dimensional Fourier projection and ($F_o-F_c$) projection along the a, b and c axes. The structure of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride is discussed in relation to the structures of hexamethylenediamine dihydrochloride, hexamethylenediamine dihydroiodide and ethylenediamine dihydrochloride.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.187-195
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• 1988

Poorly permeable $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS 100 polymer was used as a wall material for the microencapsulation of zipeprol dihydrochloride by a phase separation method from chloroform-cyclohexane system with 5% polyisobutylene in cyclohexane, and microcapsules obtained were evaluated in vitro by particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, drug release test and in vivo bioavailability test in rats. The mechanism of drug release from microcapsules appeared to fit Higuchi matrix model kinetics. The area under the first moment of plasma concentration-time curve of the microcapsules obtained was considerably increased (p<0.05) as compared with that from zipeprol dihydrochloride oral solution. Therefore, it may be suggested that $Eudragit^{\cirledR}$ RS 100 coated zipeprol dihydrochloride microcapsules can be used as a sustained release medication.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-78
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• 1998

This study was performed to estimate the clinical signs and changes of biochemical parameters in rats with hepatic injury induced by the administration of 2, 2'-azobis(2- amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH) . Minor behavioral change, brittleness of skin hair and decreased volume of water and feed intake were observed in ra% 2 hours after AAPH administration compared to control group. Concentration of serum albumin showed lower than that of control group. However, concentration of total bilirubin has shown higher than that of control group. As time goes on, . serum LDH activity increased significantly compared to control group, but senun CPK activity did not change compared to control group. Passive hemanglutination of $\alpha $-fetoprotein was negative in all the treaDent groups and control group.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2004

Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride have been used as agents inhibiting the replication of oral bacteria and the formation of dental plaque. There are various kinds of bacteria with different sensitivity against these agents. In this study, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride were studied about their effects on the replication of Streptococcus mutars, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius at their concentrations inhibiting the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutars. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured for 8 hours in the media added with $1.0{\mu}M$ chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, the weight of formed artificial plaque was decreased to $5.1{\pm}1.5mg$ compared with $106.1{\pm}18.1mg$ of the control(p<0.05). At the same time, the optical density of cultured media was decreased. The optical density of cultured media was slightly decreased in Streptococcus sobrinus, but was not decreased in Streptococcus oralis. The optical density of Streptococcus salivarius was decreased at 8 hours-incubation, was not decreased at 24 hours-incubation. When Streptococcus mutars was cultured for 8 hours in the media added with 3.0 mM sodium fluoride, the weight of formed artificial plaque was decreased to $26.7{\pm}8.3mg(p<0.05)$. At the same time, the optical density of cultured media was decreased. The optical density of cultured media was decreased in Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus oralis, but was slightly decreased in Streptococcus salivarius. These results suggest that at the concentration of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoridehe inhibiting the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans, different species of genus Streptococcus show the different sensitivity against these agents.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-82
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• 1998

This study was performed to determine the changes of serum enzyme activities in rats with hepatic injury induced by the administration of AAPH. Minor behavioral change, brittleness of skin hair and decreased water and fled intake were observed in rats administered intraperitoneally with AAPH. Serum AST and ALT activities pre-treatment were $65{\pm} 13.8 and 32{\pm}$ 12.6 IU/L, respectively and increased sharply from 2 hours of administration and reached $1248{\pm} 77.6 and 946{\pm}$ 45.6 IU/L, respectively at 48 hours of administration. Serum ALP and $\gamma -GTP activities pretreatment were 221 {\pm} 75.6 and 2.2{\pm}$ 0.35 IU/L respectively and increased sharply from 8 hours of administration and reached $767{\pm} 44.9 IU/L and 8.0{\pm} 1.23 IU/L,$ respectively at 48 hours of administration.

• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.19-20
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• 1994

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1972

Benzidine dihydrochloride crystallizes in the triclinic system. The space group is $P_1$. The unit cell dimensions are; a = 4.38${\pm}$0.01, b = 5.76${\pm}$0.01, c = 12.82${\pm}$0.02${\AA}$, $\alpha$ = 101.5${\pm}$0.2, $\beta$ = 99.5${\pm}$0.2, $\gamma$ = 99.5${\pm}$0.2$^{\circ}$; with one molecule per unit cell. The crystal structure has been solved by two dimensional Patterson and by trial and error methods, and refined by means of two dimensional differential synthesis. The bond distances are C-C(*) = 1.40${\pm}$0.02, C-C = 1.52${\pm}$0.02, C-N = 1.51${\pm}$0.03 and N-H${\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}$Cl = 3.21${\pm}$0.03${\AA}$. The structure consists of hydrogen bonded molecular layers, extending to the (100) plane, and the hydrogen bonding scheme is similar to that of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. The adhesion between hydrogen bonded molecular layers is due to van der Waals forces.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 1983

Twelve Microorganisms capable of utilizing diaminododecane were isolated from the soil by enrichment culture technique. Seven strains of these were identified as Corynebacterium. The isolated strains were tested for the ability to utilize as carbon source, 10 different kind of alkane derivatives containing CN, $NH_2$, Cl, and SH groups. Laurylcyanide, dicyanooetane, chlorodecane, and dichlorodecane were not utilized by any of the isolated strains; putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine dihydrochloride, diaminododecane, and n-dodecane were utilized by all of the isolated strains; and all of the isolated strains except DAD 2-3 could utilize dodecylmercaptan. The alkane derivatives that did not serve as ,growth substrates were tested further in oxidation tests using resting cell preparation. Alkane derivatives that are being oxidized by all of the isolated strains are laurylcyanide and dichlorodecane. Dicyanooctane was also oxidized by all of the isolated strains except DAD 30L, chlorodecane was the only oxidized by the three isolated strains. The most remarkable substrate that is being oxidized is dichlorodecane containing CN groups diterminally. Evidence obtained with thin layer chromatography of ,ethyl acetate extracts of culture broth of isolated strains grown in some alkane derivatives shows that these alkane derivatives are degraded.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2006

We propose an optical and an electrical detection methods for detecting various bio-molecules effectively with microcantilevers. The microcantilevers were fabricated employing surface micromachining technique that has attractive advantages in terms of cost efficiency, simplicity and ability of fabricating in array. The fluid cell system for injection of bio-molecular solution is fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a fused silica glass. The microcantilever is deflected with respect to the difference of the surface stress caused by the formation of self-assembled bio-molecules on the gold coated side of the microcantilever. It detected cystamine dihydrochloride and glutaraldehyde molecules and analyzed individual concentrations of the cystamine dihydrochloride solution. We confirm that the deflections of bending-up or bending-down are occurred by the bio-molecule adsorption and microcantilever can be widely used to a ${\mu}-TAS$ and a lab-on-a-chip for a potential detection of various bio-molecules.