• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

Characteristics of the transesterification reaction between triglycerides in soy bean oil and methanol were investigated in the presence of acid catalysts. such as sulfuric acid and PTS (p-toluene sulfonic acid). Concentrations of diglyceride and monoglyceride which were intermediates in the reaction mixtures, were far below 10% of triglyceride under any reaction conditions. Thus, conversion of the reaction could be determined from the concentration of triglyceride. Dried PTS had more superior catalytic power than sulfuric acid for transesterification reaction between soy bean oil and methanol. When transesterification reaction of soy bean oil was catalyzed by 1 wt% of PTS at methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and $65^{\circ}C$, final conversion reached 95% within 48 hours. If FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) was added into reaction mixture of soy bean oil, methanol and PTS catalyst, it converted reaction mixture into homogeneous phase, and substantially increased reaction rate. When reaction mixture was freely boiling which had equal volumetric amount of FAME to soy bean oil, methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and 1 wt% of PTS, final conversion achieved value of 94% and temperature approached to $110^{\circ}C$ within 2 hours.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.457-462
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• 2001

Using the monomolecular film technique, we compared the interfacial properties of Staphylococcus simulans lipase (SSL) and Staphylococcus aureus lipase (SAL). These two enzymes act specifically on glycerides without any detectable phospholipase activity when using various phospholipids. Our results show that the maximum rate of racemic dicaprin (rac-dicaprin) hydrolysis was displayed at pH 8.5, or 6.5 with Staphylococcus simulans lipase or Staphylococcus aureus lipase, respectively The two enzymes interact strongly with egg-phosphatidyl choline (egg-PC) monomolecular films, evidenced by a critical surface pressure value of around $23\;mN{\cdot}m^{-1}$. In contrast to pancreatic lipases, $\beta$-lactoglobulin, a tensioactive protein, failed to inhibit Staphylococcus simulans lipase and Staphylococcus aureus lipase. A kinetic study on the surface pressure dependency, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity of Staphylococcus simulans lipase and Staphylococcus aureus lipase was performed using optically pure stereoisomers of diglycerides (1,2-sn-dicaprin and 2,3-sn-dicaprin) and a prochiral isomer (1,3-sn-dicaprin) that were spread as monomolecular films at the air-water interface. Both staphylococcal lipases acted preferentially on distal carboxylic ester groups of the diglyceride isomer (1,3-sn-dicaprin). Furthermore, Staphylococcus simulans lipase was found to be markedly stereoselective for the sn-3 position of the 2,3-sn-dicaprin isomer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.204-212
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• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of the bound lipids in Panax quinquefolium (Korea, Japan and China), Panax quinquefolium (America, Canada) and Panax notoginseng (China) were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The could lipid contents in various ginsengs were 0.29 to 0.48%, in which neutral lipid fractions were 63.6 to 67.3%, glycolipid fractions 21.9 to 25.7% and phospholipid fractions 7.7 to 12.4%. The content compositions of neutral lipid fractions were lower and those of glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were higher in the bound lipids than in the free lipids from the various ginseng. The major components were fatty acids, diglycerides and free sterols in neutral lipid fractions, monogalactosyl diglyceride, sterol glucoside and esterified steryl g1ycoside in glycolipid fractions and phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in phosphoipid fractions. Seventeen fatty acids were analyzed in the four bound lipid fractions from the various ginsengs and main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. Total saturated fatty acid and palmitic acid contents were higher and total unsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid contents lower in the total bound lipids than in the total free lipids from the various ginsengs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1247-1256
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• 2010

Since biodiesel as bioenergy is defined as ester compounds formed by esterification of animal/vegetable oils, in this study three vegetable cooking oils (market, waste and refined waste ones) were esterified by reactions of alkali catalyst and immobilized enzyme. The fatty acid composition of the formed ester compounds was analyzed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production. By lipolysis (i.e, hydrolysis of Triglyceride (TG)), all three vegetable oils used in this study were found to produce Diglyceride (DG), Monoglyceride (MD) and Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE). However, the amount of produced FAEE (which can be used as an energy source) was in the increasing order of market cooking oil, waste one and refined waste one. With NaOH catalyst, FAEE was produced about 24.92, 17.63 and 11.31 % for the respective oils while adding Lipozyme TL produced FAEE about 43.54, 38.16 and 24.47 %, respectively. This indicates that enzyme catalyst is more effective than alkali one for transesterification. In addition, it was found that the composition of fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of TG was unchanged with alkali and immobilized enzyme reactions. Thus it can be expected that stable conditions remain in the course of mixing with gasoline whose composition is similar to that of the fatty acids.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.114-117
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• 2007

To evaluate antiallergic effect of Brassica rapa Metzg (BR, Family Cruciferae), which is widely used as a food source, its anti-asthmic effect was investigated. BR reduced IgE level in the blood of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmic mice. BR also inhibited IgE and ploinflammatory cytokine IL-6 productions in trachea of OVA-induced mice, but did not inhibit IL-4 production. BR did not inhibit mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 in IgE-induced RBL-2H3 cells. BR and its isolated components 10-undecenoic acid 2-methoxy methyl ester and galactosyl diglyceride potently inhibited the NO production of RAW264.7cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. These findings suggest that the anti-asthmic effect of BR may be due to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of proinflarnmatory cytokine IL-6 in macrophage and BR can improve IgE-induced allergic disease asthma.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.731-736
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• 2005

In this paper, immobilization of lipase (Rhizomucor miehei, Rhm) onto ion-exchange resin pretreated with oleic acid and its application were studied. Immobilization efficiency was reached to 82% when weakly basic anion exchange resin, Duolite A-568, was used. Immobilized Rhm was stable in water, chloroform and hexane, however, unstable in alcoholic solvents. When immobilized Rhm was applied to the esterification reaction of glycerol and fatty acid, content of DG in the product mixture was ca. 80 mol% and 1,3-DG in total DG reached to 98%.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 1982

The cultural conditions of Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 were investigated for the maximum production of felt and lipid. It was found that the lower the pH and the higher the incubation temperature, the higher accumulation of the felt and lipid. Shake culture rendered higher lipid accumulation and lower felt accumulation than static culture. Maximum production of felt and lipid content were 47.8 g/$\ell$ and 50.73%, respectively, when the organisms were static-cultured at a temperature of 37$^{\circ}C$ and pH of 3.5 for 25 days latroscan thinchrographic analysis showed that the higher amount of triglyceride was obtained when static-cultured at a low pH. Fatty acid composition of the microbial lipid was affected by the incubation temperature, types of nitrogen source and speed of agitation: lower degree of saturation was observed as the incubation temperature decreased and the speed of agitation increased. Fatty acids of monoglyceride and diglyceride were mainly palmitic and oleic acids and those of triglycerides were mainly palmitic, oleic acids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 1988

Raw adlay powder(RAP) and processed adlay powder(PAP) were prepared and the changes of lipids in RAP and PAP during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ for six months were studied. The typical patterns of lipid oxidation were observed during the storage; the values of acid, peroxide and carbonyl in the lipids were increased and the iodine value was decreased. These changes were especially significant(P<0.05) at higher temperature($35^{\circ}C$) and were more notable in the lipids from RAP than those from PAP during storage. The contents of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were changed appreciably at $35^{\circ}C$, however, the changes were not significant(P<0.05) at $5^{\circ}C$. Further more, triglyceride in neutral lipid, digalactosyl diglyceride in glycolipid and phosphatidyl choline in phospholipid showed respectively a tendency of decrease during storage as compared with the other contents of lipid class.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1986

The lipids content and neutral lipid component of milled rice grain were studied for four nonglutionous and two glutinous varieties grown in Korea. The average total lipid contents in nonglutinous and glutinous varieties were 0.94% and 1.78% by dry weight basis, respectively. The ratios of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid in the total lipid were 76.5 : 14.8 : 8.6 in the nonglutionous and 82.4 : 11.1 : 6.5 in the glutinous, respectively. Main classes of the neutral lipids were triglycerides, free fatty acids, steryl esters, free sterols, monoglycerids and diglycerides in both of nonglutinous and glutinous, and no significance was observed in the content of the classes between both varieties. The major fatty acid composition of total and neutral lipids were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids in both of nonglutinous and glutinous varieties.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 1996

Egg yolk oil was obtained from a roasting and Pressure egg yolks obtained from cage system, open barn system, respectively. Lipids in egg yolk oil were extracted with a mixture of chroform: methanol (2:1, v/v) and fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid by silicic aicd column chromatography. Lipid components of each fraction were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results were sum- marized as follows: lipid content of egg yolk from each cage system (A) and open barn system (B) was 31. 05% and 33.34%, and the lipid is made up of neutral lipid 76.60%, 71.23%, glycolipid 3.95％, 5.03% and phospholipids 19.45%, 23.74% respectively. Triglycerides (A: 59.3%, B: 56.3%) were the major components among the neutral lipids; monoglycerides, diglycerides, free sterols, and free fatty acids were the minor cop- monents. The major components of the glycolipids were digalactosyl diglycerides (A: 98.3%, B: 97.8%), the other components were cerebrosides. The major components of the phophoslipids were phosphatidyl choline plus phosphatidyl serine (A: 58.6%, B: 59.8%) the other components were lecithin plus sphingomyelin.