• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.595-605
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• 2012

Various methods for measuring strabismus have been developed and used in clinical diagnosis. However, most of them are based on the visual inspection by clinicians. For this reason, there is a high possibility of subjective evaluation in clinical decisions and they are only useful for cooperative patients. Therefore, the development of a more objective and reproducible method for measuring strabismus is needed. In this paper, we introduce a new software to complement the limitations of previous diagnostic methods. Firstly, we simply obtained facial images of patients and performed several preprocessing steps based on the spherical RGB color model with them. Then, the measurement of strabismus was performed automatically by using our 3D eye model and mathematical algorithm. To evaluate the validity of our software, we performed statistical correlation analysis of the results of the proposed method and the Krimsky test by two clinicians for ten patients. The coefficients of correlation for two clinicians were very high, 0.955 and 0.969, respectively. The coefficient of correlation between two clinicians also showed 0.968. We found a statistically significant correlation between two methods from our results. The newly developed software showed a possibility that it can be used as an alternative or effective assistant tool of previous diagnostic methods for strabismus.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.13 no.2 s.32
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

Upon the request of balanced development of the country and making inroads into the continent of China the development of the west coast was begun in the late 1980s, which has been being continued till recently under the blueprint of making the western part of the capital region to be the hub of northeastern Asia. As more lively development is expected to continue in the area, there are many occurrences of change in topology and terrain in the west coast. This study was done to detect the topographic and terrain change of the vicinity of the west coast. To make the basic map of the change in topology and terrain, the mosaic images were made using landsat images. The accuracy of the images was examined by comparing them with GCP through 1:25,000's digital map. After that, among the resultant images of the 1970s and 2000s, those of Sihwa, Hwaong and Ansan, the lands reclaimed by drainage were compared to observe the change in the area. From the results, it was concluded that, in case of the land the topological change was not so big due to the development in the reclaimed land or the bare land, and the area of agriculture and downtown increased, the drainage and bare land area decreased by comparing the change of land use.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2018

Biometric information computing is greatly influencing both a computing system and Big-data system based on the bio-information system that combines bio-signal sensors and bio-information processing. Unlike conventional data formats such as text, images, and videos, biometric information is represented by text-based values that give meaning to a bio-signal, important event moments are stored in an image format, a complex data format such as a video format is constructed for data prediction and analysis through time series analysis. Such a complex data structure may be separately requested by text, image, video format depending on characteristics of data required by individual biometric information application services, or may request complex data formats simultaneously depending on the situation. Since previous bio-information processing computing systems depend on conventional computing component, computing structure, and data processing method, they have many inefficiencies in terms of data processing performance, transmission capability, storage efficiency, and system safety. In this study, we propose an improved biosensing converged big data computing architecture to build a platform that supports biometric information processing computing effectively. The proposed architecture effectively supports data storage and transmission efficiency, computing performance, and system stability. And, it can lay the foundation for system implementation and biometric information service optimization optimized for future biometric information computing.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2002

This paper demonstrates a regional analysis of landslide occurrence potential by applying geographic information system to the Kumi City selected as a pilot study area. The estimate criteria related to natural and humane environmental factors which affect landslides were first established. A slope map and a aspect map were extracted from DEM, which was generated from the contour layers of digital topographic maps, and a NDVI vegetation map and a land cover map were obtained through satellite image processing. After the spatial database was constructed, indexes of landslide occurrence potential were computed and then a few landslide-potential areas were extracted by an overlay method. It was ascertained that there are high landslide-potential at areas of about 30% incline, aspects including either south or east at least, adjacent to water areas or pointed end of the water system, in or near fault zones, covered with medium vegetable. For more synthetic and accurate analysis, soil data, forest data, underground water level data, meteorological data and so on should be added to the spatial database.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.491-504
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• 2021

Gwanghwamun Gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace was dismantled and relocated during the Japanese colonial period, destroyed during the Korean War, reconstructed with reinforced concrete in 1968, and finally erected at its present location in 2010. A pair of Haechi statues located in front of Gwanghwamun was dismantled and relocated several times, and the statues have yet to be returned precisely to their original positions. This study assesses the historical accuracy of their current placement under the Gwanghwamun Square Restructuring Project of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and the Cultural Heritage Administration based on archival photos from the early 1900s, and proposes a method to estimate the original positions of the Haechi through image analysis of contemporary photographs and recent digital camera photos. We estimated the original position of the Haechi before the Japanese colonial period by identifying the shooting location of the archival photo and reproducing contemporary photographs by calculating the angle and distance to the Haechi from the shooting location. The leftmost and rightmost Haechi were originally located about 9.6 m to the east and 7.4 m to the north and about 1.9 m to the west and 8.0 m to the north, respectively, of their current location indicators. As the first attempt to determine the original location of a building and its accessories using archival photos, this study launches a new scientific methodology for the restoration of cultural properties.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2023

Since facial skin pigmentation is one of the visual characteristics of skin aging, it is important to evaluate skin pigmentation in the cosmetics and aesthetic fields. Several groups have investigated and developed the image analysis methods for skin pigmentation and some of the groups reported the age-related changes of the number and size of facial pigmented spots. However, they didn't show the changes of the number and size of pigment spots by defined size, and there is no report for Korean female regarding pigmentation. A total of 194 Korean females aged 20 ~ 79 (48.97 ± 17.11 years) were analyzed for the number, size, and intensity of pigmented spots using various filters such as large high-pass filter and median filter in their digital facial images. There were significant correlations between age and total pigmented spot number (No.), size, and intensity (I) (pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.688, r = 0.645, r = -0.563), and significant correlations were also observed between the number and intensity of pigmented spots of different sizes. According to the ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the percentage of spot size of 2 ~ 4 mm² and > 20 mm² between 20's and 70's. In other words, with aging, pigmentation increases in the facial skin, and the large increase in pigmentation is particularly noticeable in Korean women.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-44
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• 1999

Digital maps produced in Korea are various in scale and include a lot of geographic and attribute data. In this study, it is argued that, to reduce the production cost and the difficulties for renewal, it is necessary to establish the already nationally drawn 1:5,000 scale digital maps as the base maps and simplify them as much as the TIGER files in the U.S. The comprehensive data included in the digital maps in Korea are mostly land use information, which are supposed to be established separately from the digital maps. The land use information system could be maintained and updated cheaply and frequently at the local government level. In response to common needs, the land use information could be imported to GIS and used for analyses. As technologies and societies changes, the Census questions and methodologies should be changed for better uses. Along with GIS, the Census would be developed and processed more reliably and efficiently. Also, it is recommended for Korean government to develop the Census Tract and Block Group system. Current Eup, Myon, Dong as basic units for Census information may not be useful or effective for micro level urban analyses and public service planning activities because of their large population and land areas. It is recommended that optimum population of a Census Tract be 5,000 and a Block Groups 1,500, and one Census Tract includes 1~9 Block Groups. It is recommend that Census Tract and Block Group boundary lines be decided flexibly in light of population, physical features, socio-economic attributes, and tradition. For urban analyses using GIS, socio-economic census data, city government's information such as parcel data and building permit data, survey data, and satellite image data could also be used. The existence of Census Tracts and Block Groups as well as GIS could help for the data and methods to be useful for urban analyses and public service provisions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to suggest an appropriate collimation size and central X-ray incidence point by analyzing the correlation between the collimation size used in lumbar lateral examination and factors affecting the collimation size. the lumbar lateral examination results of 148 patients suitable for the purpose of this study were analyzed. The measurement method was to set the total horizontal width shown in the image to the size of the irradiation field(collimation) used during the examination. The distance connected vertically from the end of the dorsal field to the apophyseal joint of the third lumbar vertebra(AJD), the distance from the dorsal end of the image field to the center of the body of the third lumbar vertebra(BD), and the distance from the end of the dorsal field of the image to the center of the pedicle of the third lumbar vertebra(PD). The distance was measured. For comparative analysis of the mean values of dependent variables according to gender, age, height, weight, and body mass index, the mean values were compared using the independent samples t test and one-way ANOVA. For post hoc analysis, duncan was used. The correlation between independent and dependent variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. In this study, statistical significance was set at a p value of 0.05 or lower. The average value of the collimation size during the lumbar spine lateral examination was 252.45 mm, AJD was 102.11 mm, BD was 141.17 mm, and PD was 119.73 mm. The mean values of collimation size, AJD, BD, and PD were larger in men than in women, but statistical significance for the difference in mean values by gender was found only in BD (p<0.05). There was a slight difference in the mean value of each group according to age, but there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). The collimation size and mean values of AJD, BD, and PD according to height, weight, and body mass index differed depending on the independent variables, and the differences were all statistically significant (p<0.05). As a result of the correlation analysis, field size and AJD, BD, and PD showed no correlation with gender and age, a weak positive correlation with height, and a medium positive correlation with weight and body mass index. The results of this study showed that CS was correlated with height, weight, and BMI during lumbar lateral examination. If the entrance point of the central X-ray is moved to the appophyseal joint by considering weight and BMI when adjusting the collimation size in clinical practice, it is expected that the collimation size can be reduced bu about 5%.

• Trans-
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• v.12
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• pp.51-79
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• 2022

This study investigates the methods for deriving colors which can serve as a reference to users such as designers and or contents creators who search for online images from the web portal sites using specific words for color planning and more. Two experiments were conducted in order to accomplish this. Digital scenery photos within the geographic scope of Korea were downloaded from web portal sites, and those photos were studied to find out what colors were used to describe daytime and nighttime. Machine learning was used as the study methodology to classify colors in daytime and nighttime, and KSCA was used to derive the color frequency of daytime and nighttime photos and to compare and analyze the two results. The results of classifying the colors of daytime and nighttime photos using machine learning show that, when classifying the colors by 51~100%, the area of daytime colors was approximately 2.45 times greater than that of nighttime colors. The colors of the daytime class were distributed by brightness with white as its center, while that of the nighttime class was distributed with black as its center. Colors that accounted for over 70% of the daytime class were 647, those over 70% of the nighttime class were 252, and the rest (31-69%) were 101. The number of colors in the middle area was low, while other colors were classified relatively clearly into day and night. The resulting color distributions in the daytime and nighttime classes were able to provide the borderline color values of the two classes that are classified by brightness. As a result of analyzing the frequency of digital photos using KSCA, colors around yellow were expressed in generally bright daytime photos, while colors around blue value were expressed in dark night photos. For frequency of daytime photos, colors on the upper 40% had low chroma, almost being achromatic. Also, colors that are close to white and black showed the highest frequency, indicating a large difference in brightness. Meanwhile, for colors with frequency from top 5 to 10, yellow green was expressed darkly, and navy blue was expressed brightly, partially composing a complex harmony. When examining the color band, various colors, brightness, and chroma including light blue, achromatic colors, and warm colors were shown, failing to compose a generally harmonious arrangement of colors. For the frequency of nighttime photos, colors in approximately the upper 50% are dark colors with a brightness value of 2 (Munsell signal). In comparison, the brightness of middle frequency (50-80%) is relatively higher (brightness values of 3-4), and the brightness difference of various colors was large in the lower 20%. Colors that are not cool colors could be found intermittently in the lower 8% of frequency. When examining the color band, there was a general harmonious arrangement of colors centered on navy blue. As the results of conducting the experiment using two methods in this study, machine learning could classify colors into two or more classes, and could evaluate how close an image was with certain colors to a certain class. This method cannot be used if an image cannot be classified into a certain class. The result of such color distribution would serve as a reference when determining how close a certain color is to one of the two classes when the color is used as a dominant color in the base or background color of a certain design. Also, when dividing the analyzed images into several classes, even colors that have not been used in the analyzed image can be determined to find out how close they are to a certain class according to the color distribution properties of each class. Nevertheless, the results cannot be used to find out whether a specific color was used in the class and by how much it was used. To investigate such an issue, frequency analysis was conducted using KSCA. The color frequency could be measured within the range of images used in the experiment. The resulting values of color distribution and frequency from this study would serve as references for color planning of digital design regarding natural scenery in the geographic scope of Korea. Also, the two experiments are meaningful attempts for searching the methods for deriving colors that can be a useful reference among numerous images for content creator users of the relevant field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.379-385
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• 2017

This study identifies the optimal tube voltages depending on the changes in the patient's body type for limb tests using a digital radiography (DR) system. For the upper-limp test, the dose area product (DAP) was fixed at $5.06dGy{\ast} cm^2$, and for the lower-limb test, the DAP was fixed at $5.04dGy{\ast} cm^2$. Afterwards, the tube voltage was changed to four different stages and the images were taken three times at each stage. The thickness of the limbs was increased by 10 mm to 30 mm to change in the patient's body type. For a quantitative evaluation, Image J was used to calculate the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) among the four groups, according to the tube voltage. For statistical testing, the statistically significant differences were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 95% confidence level. For the qualitative analysis of the images, the pre-determined items were evaluated based on a 5-point Likert scale. In both upper-limb and lower-limb tests, the more the tube voltage increased, the more the CNR and SNR of the images decreased. The test on the changes depending on the patient's body shape showed that the more the thickness increased, the more the CNR and SNR decreased. In the qualitative evaluation on the upper limbs, the more the tube voltage increased, the more score increased to 4.6 at the maximum of 55kV and 3.6 at 40kV, respectively. The mean score for the lower limbs was 4.4, regardless of the tube voltage. The more either the upper or lower limbs got thicker, the more the score generally decreased. The score of the upper limps sharply dropped at 40kV, whereas that of the lower limps sharply dropped at 50kV. For patients with a standard thickness, the optimized images can be obtained when taken at 45kV for the upper limbs, and at 50kV for the lower limbs. However, when the thickness of the patient's limbs increases, it is best to set the tube voltage at 50 kV for the upper limbs and at 55 kV for the lower limbs.