• Title/Summary/Keyword: digestive organ

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Gut-Brain Connection: Microbiome, Gut Barrier, and Environmental Sensors

  • Min-Gyu Gwak;Sun-Young Chang
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.20.1-20.18
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    • 2021
  • The gut is an important organ with digestive and immune regulatory function which consistently harbors microbiome ecosystem. The gut microbiome cooperates with the host to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. It can influence disease processes in the gut as well as extra-intestinal organs, including the brain. The gut closely connects with the central nervous system through dynamic bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis. The connection between gut environment and brain may affect host mood and behaviors. Disruptions in microbial communities have been implicated in several neurological disorders. A link between the gut microbiota and the brain has long been described, but recent studies have started to reveal the underlying mechanism of the impact of the gut microbiota and gut barrier integrity on the brain and behavior. Here, we summarized the gut barrier environment and the 4 main gut-brain axis pathways. We focused on the important function of gut barrier on neurological diseases such as stress responses and ischemic stroke. Finally, we described the impact of representative environmental sensors generated by gut bacteria on acute neurological disease via the gut-brain axis.

Developmental Changes in Digestive Organ and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Filefish Thamnaconus modestus (말쥐치 Thamnaconus modestus 자치어의 성장에 따른 소화기관 및 소화효소 발달)

  • Gwak, Woo-Seok;Lee, So-Gwang
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.149-157
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    • 2009
  • Larvae and juveniles of the filefish Thamnaconus modestus were reared for 64 days after hatching (DAH) in order to determine the activity of four enzymes (trypsin, pepsin-like enzyme, lipase, amylase) during ontogeny. Larvae were fed on rotifer Brachionus plicatilis from 2 to 26 DAH, Artemia nauplii from 10 to 64 DAH, and then gradually changed to pelleted feed from 40 DAH. Temperature was kept between $21.5{\sim}24.2^{\circ}C$ Activity of trypsin and lipase was found in larvae 4 DAH ($6.0{\pm}1.4unit$) and 6 DAH ($4.5{\pm}1.4unit$), respectively. The evolution of activity in both enzymes showed a profile marked by drastic increases between late larval and early juvenile stages. Pepsin-like enzyme activity was found at 10 DAH and drastically increased from 28 DAH, corresponding with the early juvenile stage of T. modestus. Interestingly, developmental changes in the pepsin-like enzyme activity coincided well with increases in the number of gastric glands. Amylase activity was found at 10 DAH and was maintained at a low level up to 28 DAH, followed by a drastic increase from 28 DAH to 40 DAH. It might be concluded that a drastic increase in trypsin and pepsin-like enzyme activities, and a corresponding increase in the number of gastric glands reflects a higher somatic growth of T. modestus during the early juvenile period.

Immunohistochemical study on the antigenicity of each organ structure of Clonorchis sinensis (간흡충 충체의 부위별 항원성에 대한 면역조직화학적 연구)

  • Jin Kim;Jong-Yil Chai;Weon-Gyu Kho;Kyu-Hyuk Cho;Soon-Hyung Lee
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.21-30
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    • 1991
  • An immunohistochemical study was performed to demonstrate comparative antigenicity of each body structure of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, such as the digestive tract, reproductive organs, excretory system, tegument and suckers. Indirect immunoperoxidase technique was applied, rising formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of C. sinensis as the antigen. Pooled cat sera obtained 10 weeks after an experimental infection with C. sinensis and peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-cat IgG were used as the primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. The intensity of immunohistochemical stain was very sensitive upon the titers of the primary and secondary antibodies, and their optimum dilutions were found to be 1:1,000∼1:2,000 and 1:1,000, respectively. The intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal content and excretory bladder showed strong positive coloring reactions even at lower titer (1 : 2,000) of the primary antibody, whereas the uterine wall and eggs, vitelline glands, and male reproductive organs showed only weak positive reactions despite an increase in the antibody titer (1:1,000). On the other hand, the suckers, tegument, subtegumental cells and other parenchyme portions did not reveal any positive immunoperoxidase reaction at the same antibody titers. From the above results, it is highly suggested that the most potent antigenicity of C. sinensis occur from their excretory-secretory substances originated from the digestive and excretory organs.

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Usefulness of Posture Change to Prevent Overlapping of Heart and Other Organs in Myocardial Perfusion SPECT using $^{99m}Tc$ Labeled Compound ($^{99m}Tc$ 표지화합물을 사용한 심근 관류 SPECT 검사에서 심장과 타 장기와의 중첩 방지를 위한 자세 변화의 유용성)

  • Lee, Dong-Hyuk;Oh, Shin-Hyun;Jeong, Seok;Jo, Seok-Won;NamKoong, Hyuk;Kim, Jae-Sam;Lee, Chang-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.62-69
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: The present study has an objective of effectively separating and making observations on a portion of radiopharmaceutical excreted via digestive organ to remain in the organ and invade a heart shadow. Materials and methods: When heart shadow is blocked by the organ in tests during a resting phase and a loaded phase, additional images were obtained using immobilization device. The immobilization devices were used to tilt the upper body forward from supine position. Results: In the reconstructed image for the separated case, as compared with the case where a part of organ is overlapped with heart, in terms of an overall mean value for each parameter, the end-diastolic volume increased by 2.75 mL, the end-systolic volume decreased by 3.16 mL, the left ventricle cardiac coefficient increased by 3.58%, and the area of defect region decreased by 3.58 and 3.92 cm for loading and resting phase, respectively. Conclusions: In the present study with myocardial perfusion SPECT, overlapped areas of heart and other organs could be effectively separated and visualization by the use of an immobilization device.

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In Pediatric Leukemia, Dose Evaluation according to the Type of Compensators in Total Body Irradiation (소아백혈병 환자의 전신방사선조사 시 조직보상체의 재질변화에 따른 선량평가)

  • Lee, Dongyeon;Kim, Changsoo;Kim, Junghoon
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.17-21
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    • 2015
  • Total body irradiation(TBI) and chemotherapy are the pre-treatment method of a stem cell transplantations of the childhood leukemia. in this study, we evaluate the Quantitative human body dose prior to the treatment. The MCNPX simulation program evaluated by changing the material of the tissue compensators with imitation material of pediatric exposure in a virtual space. As a result, first, the average skin dose with the material of the tissue compensators of Plexiglass tissue compensators is 74.60 mGy/min, Al is 73.96 mGy/min, Cu is 72.26 mGy/min and Pb 67.90 mGy/min respectively. Second, regardless of the tissue compensators material that organ dose were thyroid, gentile, digestive system, brain, lungs, kidneys higher in order. Finally, the ideal distance between body compensator and the patient were 50 cm aparting each other. In conclusion, tissue compensators Al, Cu, Pb are able to replace of the currently used in Plexiglass materials.

Effect of Production Phase on Growth, Enzyme Activities and Feed Selection of Broilers Raised on Vegetable Protein Diet

  • Hossain, M.A.;Islam, A.F.;Iji, P.A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.11
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    • pp.1593-1599
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    • 2014
  • This study consisted of two experiments, conducted to assess the impact of phase at which vegetable protein (VP) diets are introduced to broiler chicks, and preference of birds for diets based on soybean or canola meal (CM). Two hundred and ten day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed into five dietary groups in the main experiment. One group was fed on animal protein (AP) diet all through to 21 days of age; two other groups were started on AP diet for 7 days and then switched to diets containing soybean meal (AP-SBM) or AP-CM, while two other diets (SBM-AP and CM-AP) were started on one of the VP diets for 7 days and then switched to AP diet. A sub-experiment on thirty birds raised on a commercial diet to 7 days was used in a feed selection test to quantify the preference of birds for the diets containing mainly CM or SBM. Chicks were reared under similar care and management conditions and the diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Results of the main experiment showed that chicks on CM-AP diet ate more (p<0.05) than those on the other diets up to day 7. Body weight gain was highest (p<0.001) on the AP-SBM diet while birds on the CM-AP diet weighed the least at 7 d. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, bone growth, visceral organ development, and activities of digestive enzymes were similar between the groups from hatch to 21 days of age. Results of the second sub-experiment showed that chicks preferred the CM-based diets to the SBM-based diets at 8 to 14 d (p<0.001) and 15 to 21 d (p<0.01) when given a choice. Overall, the birds were not affected by the nature of the starter diet although they tended to prefer the canola to soybean diets.

A Study on the Interpretation of Sasangin(四象人)'s Constitutional Disease Names of Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元) 1901 edition(辛丑本) and Application to Clinical Diagnosis (『동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元)』 신축본(辛丑本) 병론(病論) 편명(篇名)의 해석(解釋)과 진단(診斷) 활용(活用)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yang, Young-kyu;Jeong, Chang-hyun;Jang, Woo-chang;Baik, You-sang
    • Journal of Korean Medical classics
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.139-172
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    • 2016
  • Objectives : The purpose of research thesis is an advanced interpretation of the Name of Constitutional Disease of Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元) 1901 edition(辛丑本) evaluated to interpretation incompleted, and application of clinical diagnosis by rivised interpretation. Methods : A study on translation of sasangin(四象人)'s constitutional disease is researched the methods of documentary research on Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元) 1901 edition(辛丑本) and 1894 edition(甲午本). Results : Result of analysis of 4 meaning unit is as follows. Viscera or entrails means root or terminus of organ whom getting disease. Cold or heat based means being chilled or hot of triple energizer. Eexterior or interior means origin of disease of exterior or interior. Cold or heat means being chilled or hot of digestive system. Conclusions : In the clinical diagnosis using revised interpretaion, diagnosis of exterior or interior disease can be decided by symptoms of Taeyang syndrome(太陽病)'s fever and aversion to cold or not. Diagnosis of cold or heat disease can be decided by diarrhea or constipation.

A literatural study on the symptom and treatment of gastrointestinal cacer (소화기(消化器) 암(癌)의 증후(證候)와 치료(治療)에 관한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察))

  • Kim, Hyun-Ah;Lim, Seong-Woo;Yoon, Sang-Hyub;Lee, Won-Chel
    • The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.109-133
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    • 1998
  • In these days, the outbreak rate of a malignant tumor is gradually increasing, and the frequency digestive organ's cancer is so high that the remedy is being studied in the Oriental Medicine World. I made a consideration the Erlgyuk, the Panwue(反胃), the Juckchui(積聚), the Jangdok(臟毒), on the symptom and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, with the successsive literatures of the Myung and Chung Dynasty. In consequence, these are similar to the symptom of malignant tumor in abdominal cabity, and the treatment is divided into three stages each period. The Geosa-method(祛邪法) is used in the early stage, and in the middle the Gongbokyumsi-method(攻補兼施), and in the latter stage the Pujung-method(扶正法) is used. The successive literatures shows the prescription of gastrointestinal cancer in variety. Therefore, I think the various prescription will be applied to gastrointestinal cancer on forward.

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Characteristics of 240 Chinese Father-child Pairs with Malignant Disease

  • Liu, Ju;Li, Ni;Chang, Sheng;Xu, Zhi-Jian;Zhang, Kai
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.14 no.11
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    • pp.6501-6505
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    • 2013
  • To obtain a screening and early detection reference for individuals who have a family history of cancer on the paternal side, we collected and analyzed data from 240 pairs in which both fathers and their children were diagnosed with cancer. Disease categories of fathers and sons were similar to that of the general population of China, whereas daughters were different from general female population with high incidence of breast cancer and gynecological cancer. Sons were more likely than daughters to have the same type of cancer, or to have cancer in the same organ system as their fathers (P < 0.0001). Sons and daughters developed malignant diseases 11 and 16 years earlier than their fathers, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both sons and daughters). Daughters developed malignant diseases 5 years earlier than sons (P < 0.0001). Men with a family history of malignant tumors on the paternal side should be screened for malignancies from the age of 45 years, or 11 years earlier than the age of their fathers' diagnosis, and women should be screened from the age of 40 years, or 16 years earlier than the age at which their fathers were diagnosed with cancer. Lung cancer should be investigated in both men and women, whilst screening should focus on cancer of the digestive system in men and on breast and gynecological cancer (ovary, uterine and cervical cancer) in women.

A Parametric Image Enhancement Technique for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (조영증강 의료 초음파 진단에서 파라미터 영상의 개선 기법)

  • Kim, Ho Joon;Gwak, Seong Hoon
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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    • v.3 no.6
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2014
  • The transit time of contrast agents and the parameters of time-intensity curves in ultrasonography are important factors to diagnose various diseases of a digestive organ. We have implemented an automatic parametric imaging method to overcome the difficulty of the diagnosis by naked eyes. However, the micro-bubble noise and the respiratory motions may degrade the reliability of the parameter images. In this paper, we introduce an optimization technique based on MRF(Markov Random Field) model to enhance the quality of the parameter images, and present an image tracking algorithm to compensate the image distortion by respiratory motions. A method to extract the respiration periods from the ultrasound image sequence has been developed. We have implemented the ROI(Region of Interest) tracking algorithm using the dynamic weights and a momentum factor based on these periods. An energy function is defined for the Gibbs sampler of the image enhancement method. Through the experiments using the data to diagnose liver lesions, we have shown that the proposed method improves the quality of the parametric images.