• 제목/요약/키워드: digestion method

검색결과 555건 처리시간 0.024초

Nutritive Evaluation of Poultry Waste and Sudex Grass Silage for Sheep

  • Chaudhry, S.M.;Naseer, Z.;Alkraidees, M.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제10권1호
    • /
    • pp.79-85
    • /
    • 1997
  • Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

Investigation of PCR-RFLPs within Major Histocompatibility Complex B-G Genes Using Two Restriction Enzymes in Eight Breeds of Chinese Indigenous Chickens

  • Xu, R.F.;Li, K.;Chen, G.H.;Qiang, B.Y.Z.;Mo, D.L.;Fan, B.;Li, C.C.;Yu, M.;Zhu, M.J.;Xiong, T.A.;Liu, Bang
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제18권7호
    • /
    • pp.942-948
    • /
    • 2005
  • New polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex B-G genes was investigated by amplification and digestion of a 401bp fragment including intron 1 and exon 2 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique with two restriction enzymes of Msp I and Tas I in eight breeds of Chinese indigenous chickens and one exotic breed. In the fragment region of the gene, three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected at the two restriction sites. We found the transition of two nucleotides of A294G and T295C occurred at Tas I restriction site, and consequently led to a non-synonymous substitution of asparagine into serine at position 54 within the deduced amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin variable-region-like domain encoded by the exon 2 of B-G gene. It was observed at rare frequency that a single mutation of A294G occurring at the site, also caused an identical substitution of amino acid, asparagine 54-to-serine, to that we described previously. And the transversion of G319C at Msp I site led to a non-synonymous substitution, glutamine 62-to-histidine. The new alleles and allele frequencies identified by the PCR-RFLP method with the two enzymes were characterized, of which the allele A and B frequencies at Msp I and Tas I loci were given disequilibrium distribution either in the eight Chinese local breeds or in the exotic breed. By comparison, allele A at Msp I locus tended to be dominant, while, the allele B at Tas I locus tended to be dominant in all of the breeds analyzed. In Tibetan chickens, the preliminary association analysis revealed that no significant difference was observed between the different genotypes identified at the Msp I and Tas I loci and the laying performance traits, respectively.

목질진흙버섯(Phellinus linteus)의 균총형태 비교 및 PCR 기법을 이용한 동정 (Identification of Phellinus linteus by Comparison of Colony Shapes and Using PCR techniques)

  • 공원식;김동현;유창현;김영호;김경수;김광호
    • 한국균학회지
    • /
    • 제26권4호통권87호
    • /
    • pp.466-477
    • /
    • 1998
  • 진흙버섯류 22개 균주를 균총의 형태와 PCR 기법을 사용하여 종간의 구분 방법을 찾고자 하였다. PDA등 4가지 배지에서 균사생장 및 배지의 변색여부 등을 기준으로 특성을 구분할 때 목질진흙버섯의 균총 색깔은 진한 황색으로 균사생장이 늦고 배지를 푸르게 변색시켰다. rDNA 분석 결과 $ITSI{\sim}II$ 부위는 목질진흙버섯이 약 800 bp, 말똥진흙버섯은 약 700 bp였고, IGRI 부위는 목질진흙버섯은 약 700 bp, 말똥진흙버섯은 균주에 따라 약 500, 600, 700, 800 bp에서 4가지 각기 다른 밴드를 보였다. $ITSI{\sim}II$와 IGRI부위의 증폭된 DNA를 6개의 제한효소로 절단하여 다형성을 비교해 본 결과 $ITSI{\sim}II$의 HaeIII 절단으로 목질진흙버섯과 말똥진흙버섯을 구분할 수 있었으며 이들 밴드를 이용하여 유연관계를 조사한 결과 목질진흙버섯은 95%의 유사도를 보였으며, 말똥진흙버섯은 89%의 유사도로 complex를 형성하였다. 목질 진흙버섯은 RAPD 분석과 AP-PCR에 의한 밴드양상으로도 확실한 구분이 가능하였으며, $ITSI{\sim}II$ 부위의 HaeIII 제한효소 처리로 나타난 벤드는 이종의 특이적인 marker로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 본다.

  • PDF

Effects of Ginsenosides on the Mechanism of Histamine Release in the Guinea Pig Lung Mast Cells Activated by Specific Antigen-Antibody Reactions

  • Ro, Jai-Youl;Ahn, Young-Soo;Kim, Kyung-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
    • /
    • 제1권4호
    • /
    • pp.445-456
    • /
    • 1997
  • We previously reported that some components of ginsenosides decreased mediator releases evoked by the activation of mast cells with specific antigen-antibody reactions. This study aimed to assess the effects of ginsenosides ($Rb_2$, Re) on the mechanism of histamine release in the mast cell activation. We partially purified guinea pig lung mast cells by using enzyme digestion, the rough and the discontinuous percoll density gradient method. Mast cells were sensitized with $IgG_1$ and challenged with ovalbumin (OA). Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. Phospholipase D (PLD) activity was assessed more directly by the production of $[^3H]phosphatidylbutanol$ (PBut) which was produced by PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation in the presence of butanol. The amount of 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG) were measured by the $[^3H]DAG$ labeled with $[^3H]palmitic$ acid or $[^3H]myristic$ acid. Pretreatment of $Rb_2$ ($300\;{\mu}g$) significantly decreased histamine release by 60%, but Re ($300\;{\mu}g$) increased histamine release by 34%. Leukotrienes release in $Rb_2$ was decreased by 40%, Re was not affected in the leukotrienes release during mast cell activations. An increasing PLD activity during mast cell activation was decreased by the dose-dependent manner in the pretreatment of $Rb_2$, but Re pretreatment facilitated the increased PLD activity during mast cell activation. The amount of DAG produced by phospholipase C (PLC) activity was decreased by $Rb_2$ pretreatment, but Re pretreatment was not affected. The amount of mass DAG was decreased by $Rb_2$ and Re pretreatment during mast cell activation. The data suggest that $Rb_2$ purified from Korean Red Ginseng Radix inhibits the DAG which is produced by the activation of mast cells with antigen-antibody reactions via both phosphatidylinositide-PLC and phosphatidylcholine-PLD systems, and then followed by the inhibition of histamine release. However, Re increases histamine release by stimulation of DAG production, which is mediated by phosphatidylcholine-PLD system rather than by phosphatidylinositide-PLC system, but inhibits the mass DAG production. Thus, it could be inferred that other mechanisms play a role in the increase of histamine release during mast cell activation.

  • PDF

Infection Status of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fishes from Vientiane Municipality and Champasak Province in Lao PDR

  • Eom, Keeseon S.;Park, Han-Sol;Lee, Dongmin;Sohn, Woon-Mok;Yong, Tai-Soon;Chai, Jong-Yil;Min, Duk-Young;Rim, Han-Jong;Insisiengmay, Bounnaloth;Phommasack, Bounlay
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
    • /
    • 제53권4호
    • /
    • pp.447-453
    • /
    • 2015
  • The infection status of fishborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) metacercariae was investigated in fishes from 2 localities of Lao PDR. Total 157 freshwater fishes (17 species) were collected in local markets of Vientiane Municipality and Champasak Province in December 2010 and July 2011, and each fish was examined by the artificial digestion method. Total 6 species of FZT metacercariae, i.e., Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, Haplorchis pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus, and Procerovum varium, were detected in fishes from Vientiane Municipality. The metacercariae of O. viverrini were detected in 50 (49.5%) out of 101 fishes (6 species), and their average number was 154 per fish infected. The remaining 5 species of heterophyid metacercariae were detected in 36.8%, 65.8%, 9.4%, 23.9%, and 5.1% fishes examined, and their average densities were 12, 1,038, 4, 15, and 13 per infected fish, respectively. In fishes from Champasak Province, 3 species of FZT metacercariae, i.e., O. viverrini, H. taichui, and H. yokogawai, were detected. Only 2 O. viverrini metacercariae were found in only 1 Barbonymus schwanefeldi. The metacercariae of H. taichui and H. yokogawai were detected in 60.0% and 50.0% of fishes examined, and their average densities were 47 and 28 per fish infected. By the present study, it has been confirmed that several species of FZT metacercariae are prevalent in fishes from Vientiane Municipality, with P. varium being a new member of FZT in Lao PDR. In comparison, FZT metacercariae are less prevalent in fishes from Champasak Province.

SETDB1 genomic DNA 를 표적하는 TALEN construct 제작 및 분석 (TALEN Constructs and Validation for Targeting of SETDB1 Genomic DNA)

  • 노희정;강윤성;김근철
    • 생명과학회지
    • /
    • 제24권12호
    • /
    • pp.1269-1275
    • /
    • 2014
  • TALEN은 특정유전자를 표적 하여 knock-out 시킬 수 있는 새로운 개념의 유전자 클로닝 방법이다. TALEN 플라스미드에는 DNA binding 도메인과 Fok1 절단효소 기능이 융합되어 있기 때문에, genomic DNA 의 어느 부위라도 결합할 수 있고, 표적 염기서열을 절단하여 유전자 돌연변이를 유도할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 우리는 SETDB1 HMTase 유전자의 단백질 개시코돈 과 프로모터 -25 upstream 부위를 표적 하는 두 종의 TALEN constructs 를 제작하였다. 이를 위하여 두 단계의 클로닝이 진행되었다. 첫 번째는 모듈벡터에서 pFUS배열벡터로 표적서열을 옮겨 콜로니 PCR을 통해 smear밴드와 Esp1 제한 효소를 이용하여 약 1 kb의 insert가 들어 있음을 확인하였다. 두 번째는 배열 벡터로부터 TALEN 발현벡터로 옮기는 과정을 진행하였으며, 염기서열분석을 통해 확인하였다. 그 결과 최초의 고안된 모듈벡터 서열들이 약 100 bp 간격으로 배열되어 있음을 확인하였다. 제작된 TALEN-DBEX2 construct는 transfection을 통해 SETDB1의 발현이 사라지는 것을 확인하였고, T7E1 분석을 통하여 표적부위에서 돌연변이가 발생하였음을 추정할 수 있었다. 한편, TALEN-DBPR25 transfection을 통하여서도 SETDB1의 발현이 감소하는 현상을 확인 하였다. DBEX2, DBPR25를 이입시킨 HeLa 세포에서 세포 형태가 길어지는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러므로 단백질 개시코돈 또는 -25 upstream을 표적 하는 TALEN knock-out 방법은 SETDB1 유전자의 기능연구에 매우 유용하다고 사료된다.

대청호로부터 제작한 메타지놈 라이브러리에서 1, 2-dichloroethane의 분해에 관여하는 dhlA 유전자의 분리 (Isolation of dhlA Gene Responsible for Degradation of 1, 2-dichloroethane from Metagenomic Library Derived from Daecheong Reservoir)

  • 강철희;문미숙;송지숙;이상만;김치경
    • 생태와환경
    • /
    • 제38권2호통권112호
    • /
    • pp.137-145
    • /
    • 2005
  • 전통적인 스크린 방법으로는 자연계에 존재하는 99% 이상의 미생물 자원을 확보하지 못했다. 자연생태계의 핵산을 직접 클로닝하는 전략은 배양 가능한 미생물의 유전적인 정보보다 더 광범위한 유전적인 정보를 전체의 미생물 메타지놈에서 확보하기 위한 계획을 세웠다. 그 결과 유용한 유전자를 탐색하는 한 방법으로 다양한 환경에서 메타지놈 DNA 라이브러리를 구축하는 방법이었다. 본 연구는 국내 중부권에 위치한 대청호로부터 시료를 수집하였고, T-RFLP 방법을 사용하여 미생물 군집의 다양성을 분석하였다. 핵산의 추출은 SDS를 사용한 freeing-thawing 방법을 사용하였으며, 추출한 핵산은 $UltraClean^{TM}kit$ (MoBio, USA)을 사용하여 정제하였다. 메타지놈 라이브러리는 제작은 정제한DNA와 pBACe3.6 vector를 EcoRI, BamHI, 그리고 SacII 등의 제한효소로 partial digestion하였고, 이들을 ligation한 다음 Escherichia coli DH10B에 형질전화 시켜 제작하였다. 메타지놈 라이브러는 14 Mb 정도 확보하였는데, 평균 insert size는 약 13 ${\sim}$ 15 kb이었다. Colony hybridization으로 메타지놈 라이브러리로부터 1, 2-dichloroethane (1, 2-DCE) hydrolytic dehalogenation의 분해에 관련된 유전자를 확인하였다. 1, 2-DCE dehalogenas효소는 기질에 대한 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 1, 2-dichloroethane dehalogenase 유전자의 클론을 만들었고, 염기서열을 분석하였다. 이들 결과로 보아 대청호로부터 제작한 메타지놈에서 dhlA 유전자를 확인한 균주는 1, 2-DCE 분해에 탁월한 능력을 나타내었다.

왕겨 활성 바이오차 혼합 비율에 따른 우분 호기소화 시 온실가스 발생 특성 (Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Different Combination Rates of Activated Rice Hull Biochar during Aerobic Digestion of Cow Manure)

  • 노연희;정우진;정석주;정인호;나홍식;김민수;신중두
    • 한국환경농학회지
    • /
    • 제39권3호
    • /
    • pp.222-227
    • /
    • 2020
  • BACKGROUND: Among the biomass conversion techniques of livestock manure, composting process is a method of decomposing organic matter through microorganisms, and converting it into fertilizer in soil. The aerobic composting process is capable of treating cow manure in large quantities, and produces greenhouse gas as CO2 and N2O, although it has economical benefit. By using the activated rice hull biochar, which is a porous material, it was intended to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce the compost of which quality was high. Objective of this experiment was to estimate CO2 and N2O emissions through composting process of cow manure with different cooperated biochar contents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments of activated rice hull biochar were set at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively, during composting cow manure. The CO2 emission in the control was 534.7 L kg-1, but was 385.5 L kg-1 at 15% activated rice hull biochar. Reduction efficiency of CO2 emission was estimated to be 28%. N2O emission was 0.28 L kg-1 in the control, but was 0.03 L min-1 at 15% of activated rice hull biochar, estimating about 89% reduction efficiency. CONCLUSION: Greenhouse gas emissions during the composting process of cow manure can be reduced by mixing with 15% of activated rice hull biochar for eco-friendly compost production.

Centrocestus armatus에 관한 연구 II. 흰쥐에서의 성장 발육 및 충체회수율 (Study on Centrocestus armatus in Korea II. Recovery rate, growth and deve]opment of worms in albino rats)

  • 홍성종;우호춘
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
    • /
    • 제27권1호
    • /
    • pp.47-56
    • /
    • 1989
  • Centrocestus armatus의 성장 발육 과정을 관찰하기 위하여 피라미(Zacco platypus)를 인공소화시켜 획득한 피낭유충을 100 혹은 200개씩 흰쥐 (Wistar strain)에 경구 감염시키고 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 14 및 28일 후에 경추탈구법으로 희생시키고 소장을 적출해 내었다. 적출한 소장을 십이지장, 공장, 회장으로 분리하여 0.85% 생리식염수 내에서 열고 장내용물로부터 충체를 회수하였다. 회수된 충체를 10% formalin으로 cover glass 압력하에서 고정하고 Semichon's acetocarmine으로 염색한 다음 광학현미경으로 관찰하고 계측하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 충체회수율은 평균 10.7%이었다. 감염 1일부터 8일까지는 회수율이 서서히 감소하였고 그 이후에는 28일 까지 관찰한 따 급속히 감소하였다. 2. 회수된 충체의 35.5%는 십이지장에, 62.5%는 공장에 분포하였다. 3. 탈낭된 피낭유충은 길이 $293{\mu\textrm{m}}$, 폭 $144{\mu\textrm{m}}$이었으나, 감염 후 14일에는 길이와 폭이 각각 $382{\mu\textrm{m}}$$214{\mu\textrm{m}}$ 로 자라 있었다. 4. 피낭유충은 생식기관 중 고환과 Mehlis선을 가지고 있었으며, 감염 제 1일에는 난소가, 제 2일에는 저정낭과 난환소가 출현하였다. 제 3일 된 충체에는 수정낭이 나타났으며 충란이 형성되었다. 5. 생식기관은 감염 제14일까지 빠른 속도로 발달을 계속하였으며 자궁 내 충란수도 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 C. armatus는 흰쥐에서 소장 상부에 기생하며 감염 후 3일 만에 성충으로 발육한다는 것을 알았다.

  • PDF

Infections with Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Yellowfin Goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, from Coastal Areas of Republic of Korea

  • Sohn, Woon-Mok;Na, Byoung-Kuk;Cho, Shin-Hyeong;Ju, Jung-Won;Lee, Soon-Won;Seok, Won-Seok
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
    • /
    • 제56권3호
    • /
    • pp.259-265
    • /
    • 2018
  • To investigate the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in yellowfin goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, from coastal areas of the Republic of Korea (Korea), we examined total 344 gobies from 21 localities with an artificial digestion method from 2013 to 2017. The metacercariae of Stictodora lari were most frequently detected in 45.3% goby from 7 localities, i.e., Taean-gun (Chungcheongnam-do), Gochang-gun (Jeollabuk-do), Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Haenam-gun (Jeollanam-do), Hadong-gun and Goseong-gun (Gyeongsangnam-do). Their infection rates were 90.0%, 66.7%, 46.7%, 8.0%, 3.3%, 26.7%, and 86.7% and intensities were 1,090, 6.2, 1.6 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, and 7.2 metacercariae per fish infected respectively. Heterophyopsis continua metacercariae were found in 38.2% goby from 6 localities, i.e., Gochang-gun, Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Gangjin-gun, Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do) and Goseong-gun, and their intensities were relatively low, 1-21 metacercariae. Stictodora fuscata metacercariae were detected in 61.3% goby from 4 localities, i.e., Taean-gun, Gochang-gun, Hadong-gun and Goseong-gun. Their infection rates were 90.0%, 53.3%, 5.9%, and 73.3% and intensities were 1,081, 3.1, 3.0, and 10.2 metacercariae per fish infected respectively. Heterophyes nocens metacercariae were found in 55.0% goby from Muan-gun and Shinan-gun. Total 3 metacercariae of Isthmiophora hortensis were detected in 2 (8.0%) gobies from Shinan-gun. Total 15 metacercariae of Centrocestus armatus were detected in 5 gobies (33.3%) from Gyeongpo-ho (ho means lake) in Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do. The present study suggests that yellowfin goby, A. flavimanus, acts as the infection sources of zoonotic intestinal flukes in western and southern coastal areas than in eastern coastal areas of Korea.