• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

Animal carcasses have always been and continue to be a major burden in animal production. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of thermophilic anaerobic digestion for animal carcasses. A batch test using ground meat and organ as the model substrate showed that animal carcasses arehighly biodegradable at thermophilic anaerobic condition. The volatile solids (VS) destruction and $CH_4$ yieldranged from 52.7 to 58.5% and from 220 to 243 mL/g VS, respectively, at initial substrate VS in the range of 1.5~7.7%. However, high ammonia concentration inhibited continuous operation at substrate VS above 2.5%. As ammonia is formed during the degradation of proteineous organic materials, the major constituent of animal carcasses, the only way to reduce the ammonia concentration would be dilution. Co-digestion with other waste stream without high nitrogen content is recommended as an economically feasible approach for thermophilic digestion of animal carcass.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.366-376
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• 2014

Purpose: In the process of anaerobic digestion, stirring of the digester and feeding of organic waste into the digester have been considered important factors for digestive efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate conditions for both stirring interval of the digester and organic feeding frequency in order to improve anaerobic digestion performance. Methods: A 5-L anaerobic digester was used to conduct continuous batch tests to process swine manure and food waste. Four different stirring intervals of the digester were used: 5 min/h, 10 min/2 h, 15 min/3 h, and 20 min/4 h. Results: The application of swine manure to the digester every 5 min/h resulted in the highest production of biogas as well as the highest removal rates of volatile solids (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand. Stirring the digester with a mixture of swine manure and food waste at intervals of 5min/h and 10min/2 h produced the highest biogas yields of 515.3 mL/gVS and 521.1 mL/gVS, respectively. To test different supply frequencies, organic waste was added to the digester in either a 12-hor 24-h cycle. The 24-h cycle produced 1.5-fold greater biogas production than that during the 12-h cycle. Conclusions: Thus, from the above results, to optimize anaerobic digestion performance, the ideal stirring condition must be 5min/h for swine manure feeding and 10min/2h for co-digestion of food waste and swine manure in a 24-h cycle.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.70-81
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• 2010

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was verify the difference in digestion, feces, sweat and urination characteristics according to Sasang Constitution among subjects in the age range of their 20s and 60s. 2. Methods: Three hundred and thirty eight participants were recruited in the age range of their 20s and 264 participants in the age range of their 60s. All the participants' Sasang Constitutions were diagnosed by Sasang Constitutional medicine expert. Then their digestion, feces, sweat and urination characteristics were assessed through the questionnaire. 3. Results: 1)Regarding digestion, Soeumin in all age ranges had bad appetites and Soeumin in their 20s had low digestibility. 2)Regarding feces, the daily defecation frequency showed no difference according to constitution. Only Soeumin in their 20s showed diarrheal state of stool. 3)Regarding sweat, Taeeumin usually perspired more in their 20s and there was no difference in the feeling after sweating according to age and constitution. 4)Regarding urination, frequency and strength showed no difference according to age and constitution. 4. Conclusions: Some difference was observed in the digestion, feces and sweat characteristics according to Sasang Constitution but these characteristics were susceptible to change in different age ranges. There was no difference in urination according to constitution.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.59-67
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• 1988

Anaerobic digestion at the temperature of $35-55^{\circ}C$ was conducted using an artificial sludge of uniform composition. The hydraulic retention time of 5 days was chosen because the temperature effect was effectively shown at a high loading. Inhibition of the methane fermentation decreased as the temperature increased. Acid fermentation was prevalent at the mesophilic and intermediate temperatures, while active methane fermentation took place at $55^{\circ}C$. Temperature not only affects activity of the microorganisms, but also affects physical and chemical properties of the sludge, Digestion inhibition was much reduced when the feed sludge was diluted, and active methane fermentation was possible at all temperatures. The digestion efficiency was governed by the organic loading rate as well as the hydraulic 10ading rate. No reduction of the digestion efficiency at $40-45^{\circ}C$, which had been referred to a critical temperature range, was observed. The digestion efficiency increased monotonically from mesophilic to thermophilic range. Improved settling properties of digested sludge was also recorded at higher temperatures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1569-1575
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of kaolinite clay supplementation (0%, 1%, or 2% diet dry matter [DM] basis) on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) in calf-fed Holstein steers fed a finishing diet. In Trial 1, 6 Holstein steers ($539{\pm}15kg$) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Kaolinite clay supplementation decreased total tract DM digestion (linear effect, p<0.01) without effects ($p{\geq}0.10$) on site and extent of digestion of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch and N, or ruminal microbial efficiency. There were no treatment effects on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids molar proportions or estimated methane production. In Trial 2, 108 Holstein steers ($132.4{\pm}5.6kg$) were used in a 308-d study to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (ADG/dry matter intake). Kaolinite supplementation tended (linear effect, p = 0.08) to increase dietary net energy (NE) during the initial 112-d period. However, the overall (308-d) effect of supplementation dietary NE was not appreciable (p>0.20). However, due to the inertness of kaolinite, itself, the ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE increased with kaolinite supplementation. This effect was more pronounced (linear effect, $p{\leq}0.03$) during the initial 224 d of the study. Overall (308 d), kaolinite supplementation tended to increase (linear effect, p = 0.07) dietary NE by 3% over expected. Kaolinite supplementation did not affect carcass weight, yield grade, longissimus area, kidney, pelvic and heart fat, and quality grade, but decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) dressing percentage. It is concluded that kaolinite supplementation up to 2% of diet DM may enhance energetic efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers in a manner independent of changes in characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1608-1615
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the solubility of copper (Cu) in two sources of copper(II) sulfate ($CuSO_4$) including monohydrate and pentahydrate and three sources of dicopper chloride trihydroxide (dCCTH) including ${\alpha}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}$), ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\beta}$), and a mixture of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$) at different pH and a 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. In Exp. 1, Cu sources were incubated in water-based buffers at pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.8, and 6.8 for 4 h using a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. The $CuSO_4$ sources were completely dissolved within 15 min except at pH 6.8. The solubility of Cu in dCCTH-${\alpha}$ was greater (p<0.05) than dCCTH-${\beta}$ but was not different from dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$ during 3-h incubation at pH 2.0 and during 2-h incubation at pH 3.0. At pH 4.8, there were no significant differences in solubility of Cu in dCCTH sources. Copper in dCCTH sources were non-soluble at pH 6.8. In Exp. 2, the solubility of Cu was determined during the 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. All sources of Cu were completely dissolved in step 1 which simulated digestion in the stomach. In Exp. 3, the solubility of Cu in experimental diets including a control diet and diets containing 250 mg/kg of additional Cu from five Cu sources was determined during the in vitro digestion assay. The solubility of Cu in diets containing additional Cu sources were greater (p<0.05) than the control diet in step 1. In conclusion, the solubility of Cu was influenced by pH of digesta but was not different among sources based on the in vitro digestion assay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1374-1382
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• 2001

Fifteen Inner Mongolian wethers with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to study the effects of dietary rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) to rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ratios or protein sources on fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and ruminal fluid characteristics. Fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72). Soybean meal supplementation improved ruminal digestion. Fish meal supplementation increased (p<0.05) the ruminal degradability of fiber. The different RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72) did not influence (p>0.05) ruminal fluid pH, but there were differences (p<0.05) in ruminal fluid $NH_3-N$ concentration because of urea replacement. Soybean meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05) ruminal fluid pH and increased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) $NH_3-N$, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the rumen. Fish meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) ruminal $NH_3-N$ and acetate concentrations and increased (p<0.05) ruminal propionate concentration. It can be concluded that dietary protein sources have more significant effect on fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation than different dietary RUP to RDP ratios, when the dietary crude protein requirements of growing sheep are satisfied.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

The anaerobic digestion of food waste effluent through single- and two-phase process was estimated and compared in this study. The treatment efficiencies for total solid(TS), volatile solid(VS), tCOD(total COD) and sCOD(soluble COD) were invariably higher in the single-phase process, which was accounted for by the fact that the treatment efficiency of organic wastes usually showed an inverse relationship with organic loading rate in the anaerobic digestion. In fact, the organic loading rate was lower for single-phase process. The concentration of tCOD were significantly lower in two-phase process but much more biogas was produced, compared to single-phase anaerobic digestion process, which might be explained partly by the relatively higher stability of two-phase process resulting from the separation of acid phase from methane phase.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.662-669
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• 2019

Anaerobic digestion is a popular sewage sludge (Ss) treatment method as it provides significant pollution control and energy recovery. However, the low C/N ratio and poor biodegradability of Ss necessitate pretreatment methods that improve solubilization under anaerobic conditions in addition to anaerobic co-digestion with other substrates to improve the process efficiency. In this study, three pretreatment methods, namely microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, and heat treatment, were investigated, and the corresponding improvement in methane production was assessed. Additionally, the simplex centroid design method was utilized to determine the optimum mixture ratio of food waste (Fw), livestock manure (Lm), and Ss for maximum methane yield. Microwave irradiation at 700 W for 6 min yielded the highest biodegradability (62.0%), solubilization efficiency (59.7%), and methane production (329 mL/g VS). The optimum mixture ratio following pretreatment was 61.3% pretreated Ss, 28.6% Fw, and 10.1% Lm. The optimum mixture ratio without pretreatment was 33.6% un-pretreated Ss, 46.0% Fw, and 20.4% Lm. These results indicate that the choice of pretreatment method plays an important role in efficient anaerobic digestion and can be applied in operational plants to enhance methane production. Co-digestion of Ss with Fw and Lm was also beneficial.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.70-76
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• 2010

It was to investigate the optimum leaching conditions for the NaOH hot digestion and hydrochloric acid leaching of Monazite. The optimum condition for NaOH hot digestion was that the concentration of NaOH/TREO mole ratio was 15, the temperature of decomposition $140^{\circ}C$, and reaction time 2 hrs. And the optimum condition for the hydrochloric acid leaching of NaOH hot digestion product was that the concentration of hydrochloric acid was 6N, leaching time 2 hrs and pulp density about 15%. The yield of rare earth oxide was above 90% on the above experimental condition.