• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.200-211
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• 1995

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on the sampling efficiency of mixed organic vapors of l,2-DCE, benzene, and MIBK by 3 different types of diffusion monitors. Independent variables used for the study were temperatures ($25^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$), humidities (30%, 80%), and vapor concentrations (low, medium, and high). In addition, vapor concentrations measured by the traditional charcoal tube method were used as reference values and were compared with those of by diffusion monitors. The results were as follows: 1. The desorption efficiencies(DE) of 1,2-DCE and benzene from charcoal tubes and from diffusion monitors ranged from 98% to 105%. In contrast, the DEs of MIBK from charcoal tubes and diffusion monitors except DM1 ranged from 71% to 85%. The DE of MIBK from DM1 was 98%. 2. No statistically significant differences of 1,2-DCE concentrations and the sampling efficiencies regardless of temperatures and humidities studied between charcoal tube and 3 diffusion monitors were found. 3. At 80% humidity, increasing frequencies of 1,2-DCE breakthrough at higher temperature and higher vapor concentration measured by charcoal tubes were observed. 4. No statistically significant difference of benzene concentrations were found between charcoal tube and diffusion monitors except DM3. The sampling efficiencies of DM3 were statistically significantly lower at all experimental conditions except the $35^{\circ}C$ and 30% humidity condition. 5. No statistically significant difference of MIBK concentrations were found between charcoal tube and diffusion monitors except DM3. The sampling efficiencies of DM3 were statistically significantly higher at higher humidity conditions regardless of temperature. Although statistically not significant, sampling efficiency of MIBK showed positive correlation with humidity while negative correlation with concentration was observed. 6. For sampling 1,2-DCE and benzene, no significant variations of concentrations among three diffusion monitors regardless of temperature and humidity conditions were found. For MIBK sampling, however, wide variations with increasing humidity among diffusion monitors were obtained. In conclusion, this study suggests that diffusion monitors will be a reasonables substitute for the traditional charcoal tubes for sampling non-polar organic vapors at temperature and humidity conditions studied. For polar organic vapors, use of an alternative desorption solution other than CS2 is recommended because of its low desorption efficiency. In addition, since variable among diffusion monitors for polar organic vapors particularly at higher humidity conditions were observed, further study is recommended of the effects of humidity on the performance of diffusion monitors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.115-124
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• 1997

We measured the variance of eddy diffusion and associated ‘diffusion coefficients’ in coastal regions of Korea by observing the separation distances among multiple drifters deployed simultaneously at the same initial position. The variance of eddy diffusion was found to be proportional to $t^m$, where t is the time and m is a non-integer scaling exponent between 1.5 and 3.5. The observed scaling exponent of eddy diffusion cannot be reproduced by diffusion models employing constant eddy diffusivity. In this study, we applied fractal theory in simulating exponential increase of variance of eddy diffusion. We employed the fGn(fractional Gaussian noise) as a ‘modified’ random walks corresponding to the oceanic eddy diffusion. The variance of eddy diffusion, which corresponds to the fBm(fractional Brown motion) of our diffusion model, is proportional to $t^{2H}$, where H is Hurst scaling exponent. The temporal increase of the variance. with scaling exponent between 1 and 2, was successfully reproduced by our fractal diffusion model. However, our model cannot reproduce scaling exponent greater than 2. The scaling exponents greater than 2 are associated with the velocity shear of the mean flow.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2005

The carbonation of concrete is one of the major factors that cause durability problems in concrete structures. The rate of carbonation depends largely upon the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in concrete. The purpose of this study is to identify the diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide for various concrete mixtures. To this end, several series of tests have been planned and conducted. The test results indicate that the diffusion coefficient increases with the increase of water-cement ratio. The diffusion coefficient decreases with the increase of relative humidity at the same water-cement ratio. The diffusion of carbon dioxide reached the steady state within about five hours after exposure. The content of aggregates also influences the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in concrete. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of cement paste is larger then that of concrete or mortar. The quantitative values of diffusivity of carbon dioxide in this study will allow more realistic assessment of carbonation depth in concrete structures.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2014

This paper presents the results of three-dimensional face point cloud smoothing based on a modified anisotropic diffusion method. The focus of this research was to obtain a 3D face point cloud with a smooth texture and number of vertices equal to the number of vertices input during the smoothing process. Different from other methods, such as using a template D face model, modified anisotropic diffusion only uses basic concepts of convolution and filtering which do not require a complex process. In this research, we used 6D point cloud face data where the first 3D point cloud contained data pertaining to noisy x-, y-, and z-coordinate information, and the other 3D point cloud contained data regarding the red, green, and blue pixel layers as an input system. We used vertex selection to modify the original anisotropic diffusion. The results show that our method has improved performance relative to the original anisotropic diffusion method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.673-678
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• 2002

There are various methods for the electrochemical techniques to estimate diffusion coefficient of chloride ions in concrete, such as ASTM C 1202 test method, Andrade's method, Dhir's method, Tang's method, and etc. In the case of estimating diffusion coefficient of chloride ions in concrete by using these methods, applied voltage and resistivity nay exercise some influence on the characteristics of chloride ions diffusion. Thus. in this study, effect of applied voltage and resistivity on the characteristics of chloride ions diffusion in concrete were researched by applying voltage in 12V, 30V, and 60V, and by using resistivity in 0.2Ω and 1.0Ω, respectively. It can be concluded that diffusion coefficient of chloride ions are found to be increasing as the individual applied voltage and resistivity decrease, when water-cement ratio is constant.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.299-304
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• 2002

This research was to investigate the invasion and diffusion properties of chloride ion on the concrete containing mineral admixtures by the electrically accelerated test. Mineral admixtures selected in mixes were fly-ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and meta-kaolin with 3 degrees of replacement ratios. Tang and Nilsson's test method was used to estimate chloride diffusion coefficients of that mixes. As a result, the total current passing charge and the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion were reduced with the use of mineral admixtures and the increase of replacement ratios. In addition, compressive strength was related with diffusion coefficient of chloride ion. Diffusion coefficients of concrete mixed with ground granulated blast-furnace slag showed relatively low value under the range of compressive strength of 400㎏f/㎠.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

The diffusion of innovation theory provided the basis for a model of agricultural development that the extension service continues to use today. This study aims to examine the history, influence, and impacts of innovation diffusion theory on the extension service. It reviews some of the major developments in the literature related to the theory, examines its criticisms, and discusses the implications for extension. As such, innovators are younger, more cosmopolitan, have higher incomes than later adopters, and have the largest operations of all adopter categories. There are two critiques on diffusion of innovation theory in which are the method and inequity recurring from diffusion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.142.1-142.1
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• 2016

We present bulk diffusion rates of hydroxide ions in amorphous solid water (ASW) at 135 ~ 160 K. Previous researches showed that the diffusion mechanism of hydroxide is different from one of hydronium ions, and this implies that they have different diffusion rates. In ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, low-energy scattering (LES) was used to measure ion population and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) was conducted for measuring ASW thicknesses. To determine the diffusion rates, a simple model for $H_2O/NaOH/H_2O$ sandwich films was developed using Fick's second law. The measured surface population of hydroxide ions as a function of time was well fitted to the model, and the rates were well agreed to an Arrhenius equation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.787-790
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• 1999

To estimate durability of reinforced concrete structures located in or nearby seawater, many different kinds of accelerated tests for evaluation of chloride ion permeation in concrete were proposed. At present the only standardized test is the ASTM C 1202(RCP test). This test method is used to estimate the concrete's resistivity of the chloride penetration in concrete by using the total charges passed and sometimes used to calculate the chloride diffusion coefficients. However, this test may lead to an erroneous chloride diffusion coefficient. So this test method was compared with the modified Dhir's test and the traditional concentration diffusion test. Experimental results showed that the diffusion coefficients determined the RCP test and the PD Index gave wrongous values, but the diffusion coefficient acquired by considering a migration term was nearly the same to the CD Test.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.6 s.84
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• pp.859-865
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• 2004

In this study, the diffusion of chloride ions in cement concrete made with and without the limestone powder was investigated. In order to study the effect of the limestone powder, all mixtures were prepared at a fixed water-cementitious ratio (0.45). From the experimental results, the setting time of limestone powder concrete is faster than that of control concrete, and compressive strength of all specimens decreased with increasing replacement ratio of limestone powders. The diffusion properties of limestone powder concretes indicated a trend increasing with curing period. LSA10 and LSA20 concretes, the diffusion coefficient was smaller than that of control concrete. The addition of $10-20\%$ limestone powder reduces the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions, irrespective of fineness levels of limestone powder.