• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1560-1569
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• 2022

Liquid fueled molten salt reactors (MSRs) have seen renewed interest because of their inherent safety features, higher thermal efficiency and potential for efficient thorium utilisation for power generation. Thorium fluoride is one of the salts used in liquid fueled MSRs employing Th-U cycle. In the present study, ThF₄ was prepared by hydro-fluorination of ThO₂ using anhydrous HF gas. Process parameters viz. bed depth, hydrofluorination time and hydrofluorination temperature, were optimized for the preparation of ThF₄ in a static bed reactor setup. The products were characterized with X-Ray diffraction and experimental conditions for complete conversion to ThF₄ were established which also corroborated with the yield values. Hydrofluorination of ThO₂ at 450 ℃ for half an hour at a bed depth of 6 mm gave the best result, with a yield of about 99.36% ThF₄. No unconverted oxide or any other impurity was observed. Rietveld refinement was performed on the XRD data of this ThF₄, and Chi2 value of 3.54 indicated good agreement between observed and calculated profiles.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.2565-2569
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• 2010

실리콘 태양전지 셀을 제작하고 효율을 측정하는데 있어 texturing 효과에 대하여 상관성을 조사하였다. Texturing은 $HNO_3$, KOH, NaOH를 각각 사용한 IPA혼합 에칭용액을 만들어서 샘플을 제작하였다. 셀의 분석은 FTIR 과 XRD를 이용하였으며, 실리콘 태양전지 셀의 효율과 화학적인 특성 사이의 상관성을 조사하였다. FTIR 데이터의 950~1350 $cm^{-1}$ 영역에서 픽의 생김새와 셀 표면의 반사도 사이에는 상관성이 있으며, 픽의 쪼개짐이 많으면 표면에서 결합의 상호작용이 활발하지 않다는 것을 의미하며 이러한 표면에서 반사가 잘 일어나지 않으면서 효율이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• 제73권11호
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• pp.1794-1798
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• 2018

We have grown famatinite $Cu_3SbS_4$ films by using sulfurization of Cu/Sb stack film. Sulfurization at $500^{\circ}C$ produced famatinite $Cu_3SbS_4$ phase, while $400^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$ sulfurization exhibited unreacted and mixed phases. The fabricated $Cu_3SbS_4$ film showed S-deficiency, and secondary phase of $Cu_{12}Sb_4S_{13}$. The secondary phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence and external quantum efficiency measurements. We have also fabricated solar cell in substrate type structure, ITO/ZnO/(Zn,Sn)O/$Cu_3SbS_4$/Mo/glass, where $Cu_3SbS_4$ was used as a absorber layer and (Zn,Sn)O was employed as a Cd-free buffer. Our best cell showed power conversion efficiency of 0.198%. Characterization results of $Cu_3SbS_4$ absorber indicates deep defect (due to S-deficiency) and low shunt resistance (due to $Cu_{12}Sb_4S_{13}$ phase). Thus in order to improve the cell efficiency, it is required to grow high quality $Cu_3SbS_4$ film with no S-deficiency and no secondary phase.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.179-191
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• 2024

This study focuses on improving the photocatalytic degradation efficiency by synthesizing a TiO₂/WO₃ composite. Given the environmental significance of photocatalysis and the limitations posed by TiO₂'s large bandgap and high electron recombination rate, we explored doping, surface modification, and synthesis strategies. The composite was created using a ball mill process and heat treatment, analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution X-ray diffraction, Raman microscope, and UV-Vis/NIR spectrometer to examine its morphology, composition and absorbance. We found that incorporating WO₃ into the TiO₂ lattice forms a W_x-Ti_1-x-O₂ solution, with optimal WO₃ content reducing the band gap and enhancing sterilization efficiency by inhibiting the anatasese to rutile transition. This contributes to the field by offering a way to overcome TiO₂'s limitations and improve photocatalytic performance.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.654-658
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 두 개의 기포유동층반응기로 구성된 연속공정에서 고체 흡수제의 입자분석을 이용하여 재생반응기 유동화 기체로 사용된 수분 주입량에 따른 H2O 전처리 효과에 대해 규명하였다. 또한 재생반응기의 고체 배출 구조를 underflow 형태에서 overflow 형태로 수정하여 $CO_2$ 회수효율을 비교 분석하였다. 재생반응기의 유동화 기체로 사용된 수분의 주입량에 따른 고체흡수제의 전처리 효과를 알아보기 위하여 각각의 조업변수에서 포집된 고체입자를 XRD(X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TGA 분석을 수행하였다. XRD 분석을 이용한 결과 재생반응기의 유동화 기체로 주입된 수분에 의해 $K_2CO_3{\cdot}1.5H_2O$의 입자구조가 형성됨을 확인하였으며 TGA 분석에서는 재생반응기로 주입된 수분량에 따라$K_2CO_3{\cdot}1.5H_2O$의 입자구조가 증가하는 경향성을 나타냈다. 재생반응기 내부에서 형성된 $K_2CO_3{\cdot}1.5H_2O$의 입자구조는 흡수반응 시 $CO_2$와의 반응성을 증가시켜 $CO_2$ 회수효율이 향상되는 전처리 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 재생반응기 고체 배출 구조를 underflow 형태에서 overflow 형태로 수정하여 $CO_2$ 회수효율을 비교 분석한 결과 약 3~8% 증가함을 확인하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.3521-3526
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• 2014

A magnetic sonophotocatalyst $Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@TiO_2$ is synthesized for the enhanced biodegradability of organophosphate pesticide. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized using different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The radial sonophotocatalytic activity of $Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@TiO_2$ nanocomposite was investigated, in which commercial dichlorvos (DDVP) was chosen as an object. The degradation efficiency was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and enhancement of biodegradability. The effect of different factors, such as reaction time, pH, the added amount of catalyst on $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency were investigated. The average $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency reached 63.13% after 240 min in 12 L sonophotocatalytic reactor (catalyst $0.2gL^{-1}$, pH 7.3). The synergistic effect occurs in the combined sonolysis and photocatalysis which is proved by the significant improvement in $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency compared with that of solo photocatalysis. Under this experimental condition, the $BOD_5/COD_{Cr}$ ratio rose from 0.131 to 0.411, showing a remarkable improvement in biodegradability. These results showed that sonophotocatalysis may be applied as pre-treatment of pesticide wastewater, and then for biological treatment. The synthesized magnetic nanocomposite had good photocatalytic performance and stability, as when it was used for the fifth time, the $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency was still about 62.38%.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.337-337
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• 2012

Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) having high efficiency with low cost was first reported by Gr$\ddot{a}$tzel et al. Many DSSC research groups attempt to enhance energy conversion efficiency by modifying the dye, electrolyte, Pt-coated electrode, and $TiO_2$ films. However, there are still some problems against realization of high-sensitivity DSSC such as the recombination of injected electrons in conduction band and the limited adsorption of dye on $TiO_2$ surface. The surface of $TiO_2$ is very important for improving hydrophilic property and dye adsorption on its surface. In this paper, we report a very efficient method to improve the efficiency and stability of DSSC with nano-structured $TiO_2$. Atmospheric plasma system was utilized for nitrogen plasma treatment on nano-structured $TiO_2$ film. We confirmed that the efficiency of DSSC was significantly dependent on plasma power. Relative in the $TiO_2$ surface change and characteristics after plasma was investigated by various analysis methods. The structure of $TiO_2$ films was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of $TiO_2$ films was observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The surface elemental composition was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Each of plasma power differently affected conversion efficiency of DSSC with plasma-treated $TiO_2$ compared to untreated DSSC under AM 1.5 G spectral illumination of $100mWcm^{-2}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2019

기상으로 전달된 Ti 전구체가 열 플라즈마에서 고순도의 결정질 코어-$TiO_2$로 합성됨과 동시에 기판에 바로 증착시킬 수 있는 공정을 제시한다. 제조된 코어-$TiO_2$는 외부에 노출되지 않는 상태에서 원자층증착법(Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD)에 의하여 $Al_2O_3$로 코팅된다. 코어-$TiO_2$와 코팅된 쉘-$Al_2O_3$의 형태학적 특징은 transmission electron microscope (TEM) 및 transmission electron microscope - energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS)를 통해 분석하였다. 제조된 코어-$TiO_2$/쉘-$Al_2O_3$ 나노입자의 전기적 특성은 염료감응 태양전지(dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC)의 작동전극에 적용하여 평가하였다. Dynamic light scattering system (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD)을 통하여 코어-$TiO_2$의 평균입도, 성장속도 및 결정구조의 무게분율을 분석한 결과, 평균입도는 17.1 nm, 코어박막의 두께는 $20.1{\mu}m$이고 주 결정구조가 Anatase로 증착된 코어-$TiO_2$/쉘-$Al_2O_3$ 나노입자를 적용한 DSSC가 기존의 페이스트 방식으로 제작한 DSSC보다 더 높은 광효율을 보여준다. 기존의 페이스트방식을 활용한 DSSC의 에너지변환효율 4.99%에 비하여 선택적으로 조절된 코어-$TiO_2$/쉘-$Al_2O_3$ 나노입자를 작동전극으로 사용한 경우가 6.28%로 26.1% 더 높은 광효율을 보여준다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.86.2-86.2
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• 2015

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells have been fabricated using sputtered Cu/Sn/Zn metallic precursors on Mo coated sodalime glass substrate without using a toxic H2Se and H2S atmosphere. Cu/Sn/Zn metallic precursors with various thicknesses were prepared using DC magnetron sputtering process at room temperature. As-deposited metallic precursors were sulfo-selenized inside a graphite box containing S and Se pellets using rapid thermal processing furnace at various sulfur to selenium (S/Se) compositional ratio. Thin film solar cells were fabricated after sulfo-selenization process using a 65 nm CdS buffer, a 40 nm intrinsic ZnO, a 400 nm Al doped ZnO, and Al/Ni top metal contact. Effects of sulfur to selenium (S/Se) compositional ratio on the microstructure, crystallinity, electrical properties, and cell efficiencies have been studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, I-V measurement system, solar simulator, quantum efficiency measurement system, and time resolved photoluminescence spectrometer. Our fabricated Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cell shows the best conversion efficiency of 9.24 % (Voc : 454.6 mV, Jsc : 32.14 mA/cm2, FF : 63.29 %, and active area : 0.433 cm2), which is the highest efficiency among Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells prepared using sputter deposited metallic precursors and without using a toxic H2Se gas. Details about other experimental results will be discussed during the presentation.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.242-251
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 직립 안벽 앞에 설치된 2차원 진동수주형 파력발전장치의 추출효율과 반사율을 규칙파와 불규칙파에 대하여 살펴보고 둘 사이의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 해석이론으로 선형포텐셜 이론에 기반을 둔 고유함수전개법을 사용하였다. 공기실이 완전 개방되었을 때 입사파에 의한 산란문제와 공기실이 닫혀 있을 때 공기실내의 변동압력에 의한 파의 방사문제를 풀어 공기실 내부의 유량을 구하고, 이를 공기실내의 공기 흐름에 대한 연속방정식에 대입하여 변동압력을 구한다. 추출파워가 최대가 되는 최적 터빈계수를 적용하여 진동수주형 파력발전장치의 최대 추출효율과 반사율을 규칙파와 불규칙파에 대하여 구하였다. 파랑에너지를 효율적으로 흡수하도록 설계된 진동수주형 파력발전장치는 동시에 반사파를 줄이는데 기여하였다.