Effect of process parameters on the recovery of thorium tetrafluoride prepared by hydrofluorination of thorium oxide, and their optimization |
Kumar, Raj
(Uranium Extraction Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)
Gupta, Sonal (Uranium Extraction Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) Wajhal, Sourabh (Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) Satpati, S.K. (Uranium Extraction Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) Sahu, M.L. (Uranium Extraction Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) |
1 | Website:, accessed on 7th October, 2021, https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/13709-59-6_259752.html. |
2 | J. Serp, M. Allibert, O. Benes, S. Delpech, O. Feynberg, V. Ghetta, D. Heuer, D. Holcomb, V. Ignatiev, J.L. Kloosterman, L. Luzzi, The molten salt reactor (MSR) in generation IV: overview and perspectives, Prog. Nucl. Energy 77 (2014) 308-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.02.014. DOI |
3 | D. LeBlanc, Molten salt reactors: a new beginning for an old idea, Nucl. Eng. Des. 240 (6) (2010) 1644-1656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.12.033. DOI |
4 | H.M. Rietveld, A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2 (2) (1969) 65-71, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006558. DOI |
5 | M. Brovchenko, D. Heuer, E. Merle-Lucotte, M. Allibert, V. Ghetta, A. Laureau, P. Rubiolo, Design-related studies for the preliminary safety assessment of the molten salt fast reactor, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 175 (3) (2013) 329-339, https://doi.org/10.13182/NSE12-70. DOI |
6 | P. Soucek, O. Benes, B. Claux, E. Capelli, M. Ougier, V. Tyrpekl, J.F. Vigier, R.J. Konings, Synthesis of UF4 and ThF4 by HF gas fluorination and redetermination of the UF4 melting point, J. Fluor. Chem. 200 (2017) 33-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.05.011, 2017. DOI |
7 | L. Mathieu, D. Heuer, R. Brissot, C. Garzenne, C. Le Brun, D. Lecarpentier, E. Liatard, et al., The thorium molten salt reactor: moving on from the MSBR, Prog. Nucl. Energy 48 (7) (2006) 664-679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2006.07.005. DOI |
8 | B. Mignacca, G. Locatelli, Economics and finance of molten salt reactors, Prog. Nucl. Energy 129 (2020) 103503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103503. DOI |
9 | G. Locatelli, M. Mancini, N. Todeschini, Generation IV nuclear reactors: current status and future prospects, Energy Pol. 61 (2013) 1503-1520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.101. DOI |
10 | R. Hargraves, R. Moir, Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors: an old idea in nuclear power gets re-examined, Am. Sci. 98 (4) (2010) 304-313. Published By: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27859537. DOI |
11 | T.J. Dolan (Ed.), Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy, Woodhead Publishing, 2017. |
12 | C.W. Bale, E. Belisle, Fact-Web suite of interactive programs. www.factsage.com. |
13 | H. Rouch, O. Geoffroy, P. Rubiolo, A. Laureau, M. Brovchenko, D. Heuer D, E. Merle-Lucotte, Preliminary thermal-hydraulic core design of the molten salt fast reactor (MSFR), Ann. Nucl. Energy 64 (2014) 449-456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2013.09.012. DOI |
14 | J.M. Derfer, M.M. Derfer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Kirk-Othmer, vol. 22, 1978. |
15 | W.J. Asker, E.R. Segnit, A.W. Wylie, The potassium thorium fluorides, J. Chem. Soc. (1952) 4470-4479, https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9520004470, 857. DOI |
16 | T. Abram, S. Ion, Generation-IV nuclear power: a review of the state of the science, Energy Pol. 36 (12) (2008) 4323-4330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.059. DOI |
17 | R.W.M. D'Eye, G.W. Booth, The hydrates of thorium tetrafluoride, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1 (4-5) (1955) 326-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(55)80039-5. DOI |
18 | W.H. Zachariasen, Production of thorium fluoride, 270, U.S. Patent 2 (1959) 899. issued August 11. |
19 | L.R. Batsanova, Rare-earth fluorides, Russ. Chem. Rev. 40 (6) (1971) 465-484, https://doi.org/10.1070/RC1971v040n06ABEH001932. DOI |
20 | F.L. Cuthbert, Thorium Production Technology, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1958, pp. 31-32. |
21 | H.S. Correa, E.C. Costa, DRY-WAY PREPARATION OF THORIUM TETRAFLUORIDE, No. IEA-185, Instituto de Energia Atomica, Sao Paulo (Brazil), 1969, https://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/iea/IEA_PUB_185.pdf. |
22 | J.P. Flynn, Method of dehydrating hydrates of thorium fluoride, 991,149, U.S. Patent 2 (1961). issued July 4. |
23 | Website, accessed on 7th October, 2021, https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB2459967.htm. |
24 | M.W. Rosenthal, P.R. Kasten, R.B. Briggs, Molten-salt reactors-history, status, and potential, Nucl. Appl. Technol. 8 (2) (1970) 107-117, https://doi.org/10.13182/NT70-A28619. DOI |
25 | C.N.A.C.Z. Bahri, A.F. Ismail, A.A. Majid, Synthesis of thorium tetrafluoride (ThF4) by ammonium hydrogen difluoride (NH4HF2), Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51 (3) (2019) 792-799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.12.023. DOI |
26 | S. Mukherjee, S. Dash, S.K. Mukerjee, K.L. Ramakumar, Thermodynamic investigations of oxyfluoride of thorium and uranium, J. Nucl. Mater. 465 (2015) 604-614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.06.038. DOI |
27 | J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, Recent advances in magnetic structure determination by neutron powder diffraction, Phys. B Condens. Matter 192 (1993) 55-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90108-I. DOI |
28 | L. Martel, E. Capelli, M. Body, M. Klipfel, O. Benes, L. Maksoud, P.E. Raison, E. Suard, L. Visscher, C. Bessada, C. Legein, Insight into the crystalline structure of ThF4 with the combined use of neutron diffraction, 19F magic-angle spinning-NMR, and density functional theory calculations, Inorg. Chem. 57 (24) (2018) 15350-15360, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02683. DOI |
29 | D. Gerardin, M. Allibert, D. Heuer, A. Laureau, E. Merle-Lucotte, C. Seuvre, Design Evolutions of the Molten Salt Fast Reactor, 2017. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/49/085/49085958.pdf?r=1. |
30 | R.L. Barns, Lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients of thorium tetrafluoride (monoclinic), Mater. Res. Bull. 12 (4) (1977) 327-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(77)90047-2. DOI |
![]() |