• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2017

The hemolysis index (HI) is semi-quantitative marker for hemolysis. Because the characteristics of the HI vary from one commercial platform to another, no standardization or harmonization of the HI is currently available. Specimens (N=40) randomly selected from clinical patients were artificially hemolyzed in vitro. The serum of the specimens was then diluted with a 20 mg/dL difference between 0~300 mg/dL based on serum hemoglobin measured using the XE-2100 hematology automation equipment (Sysmex, Japan). Diluted serum was measured using the Hitachi-7600 biochemical automation equipment (Hitachi, Japan) to differentiate between HI and serum hemoglobin. The data showed linearity between HI and serum hemoglobin and that HI 1 contained approximately 20 mg/dL of serum hemoglobin. To determine the blood rejection threshold, the HI was divided into three groups: HI 0~1, HI 4~6, HI 9~15. After another batch of clinical specimens (N=40) was measured using a Hitachi-7600 (Hitachi, Japan), each specimen was moved forward and backward with the piston of the syringe to induce an artificial in vitro hemolysis, then measured again with a Hitachi-7600 (Hitachi, Japan). The percentage difference between the three groups was analyzed by ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test. In the post-test, there were significant differences between the HI 0~1 and the HI 5~6: Glucose, creatinine, total protein, AST, direct bilirubin, uric acid, phosphorus, triglyceride, LDH, CPK, Magnesium, and potassium levels. Because many clinical tests differed significantly, the threshold for hemolysis could be appropriate for HI 5 (serum hemoglobin 100 mg/dL).

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2002

Purpose : The number of newborns vaccinated with BCG of Tokyo 172 strain, which has been claimed to cause lesser degree of local adverse events including scar, has recently been increasing. However, tuberculin response to this vaccine has inadequately been studied, especially with newborns cared at primary care clinics. We, therefore, performed a study in newborns vaccinated with BCG at private pediatric offices and evaluated the response to PPD 2TU or PPD 5TU following vaccination with percutaneous or intradermal BCG. Methods : Two hundred infants who had been cared at three private pediatric offices were retrospectively enrolled in the study. One hundred fifty one infants had received percutaneous BCG(Tokyo strain); 129 infants had had tuberuclin test with PPD 2TU and the rest of 22 infants with PPD 5TU. Forty nine infants had received intradermal BCG(28 infants Copenhagen strain, I infant French strain, 20 infants unknown); 35 infants had had tuberculin test with PPD 2TU, 14 infants(11%) with PPD 5TU. Results : In infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG, the mean induration diameter in tuberculin test was significantly greater with PPD 5TU($12.4{\pm}3.5mm$) compared to PPD 2TU ($9.2{\pm}4.4mm$). In infants vaccinated with intradermal BCG, the mean induration diameters in tuberculin test were $5.7{\pm}5.1mm$ to PPD 2TU and $6.6{\pm}4.8mm$ to PPD 5TU, which were not significantly different. The tuberculin response to PPD 2TU was significantly greater in infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG compared to those with intradermal BCG. The tuberculin response to PPD 5TU was also significantly greater in infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG compared to those with intradermal BCG. Conclusion : Percutaneous BCG(Tokyo strain) seems to cause greater response to tuberculin compared to intradermal BCG and PPD 2TU induces weaker response compared to PPD 5TU. Acknowledging some discrepancies from the previously reported data, which might have been due to the different source of the study subjects, more studies are needed to establish the range of tuberculin response following BCG vaccination in order to differentiate from tuberculosis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 1995

Bone scan is a very sensitive diagnostic imaging test for detecting bone and joint disorders. So it might be useful in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders of the joint origin. Thus, the effectiveness of bone scan for detecting temporomandibular joint(TMJ) diseases and differentiating the TMJ disc displacement from the TMJ arthritis was evaluated. Bone scan was done in 21 patients with TMJ disc displacement(13 unilaterally affected, 8 bilaterally affected), 25 patients with TMJ arthritis(23 unilateral, 3 bilateral), and 39 volunteers with no signs, symtoms, or history of TMJ disease. TMJ simple uptake rate(SUR) and difference of both TMJ SUR were calculated from the 100,000 count lateral image of head and neck region in 99mTc MDP bone scan. Transcranial and panorama X-ray examination was also done in all patients. TMJ SUR(%) were $1.673{\pm}0.606$ in TMJs affected with arthritis, $1350{\pm}0.351$ in TMJs affected with disc displacement, and $1.084{\pm}0.172$ in TMJs of controls. Significant differences were demonstrated among them(p<0.01) Difference of bith TMJ SUR was highest in patients with unilateral TMJ arthritis($0.608{\pm}$0.533, p<001), and there is no significant difference between that of controls and that of unilateral TMJ dist displacement patients($0.062{\pm}0.063$ vs $0.122{\pm}0.100$). TMJ SUR of Joint with bone change on X-ray finding was not significantly different from that of joint with normal X-ray finding. Those in patients with unilateral TMJ disc displacement(696% and 87% vs 23.1% and 23%). The proportions of patients with increased TMJ SUR and difference of both TMJ SUR(>mean+2SD of controls) in unilateral TMJ arthritis patients were significantly higher than those in patients with unilateral TMJ disc displacement(69.6% and 87% vs 23.1% and 23%). Conclusively, bone scan nay help to detect TMJ disease and differentiate TMJ disc displacement from TMJ arthritis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.282-292
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• 1994

Brain perfusion SPECT shows typical regional perfusion abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease(AD) and is useful for its diagnosis. However, there is also arguement that these patterns show significant overlap with other causes, and the accuracy for SPECT in differentiating AD has shown conflicting results. We postulate that the variation in re-ported results are partly due to a difference in patient or control selection with special reference to the mixture of ischemic cerebral disease in the studied population. To deter-mine the effect of ischemic lesions and the nature of control subjects on SPECT studies for AD, we performed $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 11 probable AD patients with a low (<4) Hachinski ischemic score and 12 non-demented age matched controls. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) disclosed ischemic cerebral lesions in 27% (3/11) of the PAD group and 25% (3/12) of the control group. Regional perfusion indices were quantitated from the SPECT images as follows and the distribution of perfusion indices from both groups were compared. This was repeated with controls after excluding those with significant ischemic lesions by MRI : regional perfusion index = average regional count/average cerebellar count All PAD patients showed perfusion abnormality in SPECT. However, 53% (10/12) of controls also showed perfusion at-normalities, and no pattern could reliably differentiate the two groups. After excluding controls with significant cerebral ischemia, the difference in temporal and parietal perfusion index was increased. A decreased tempore-parietal and any parietal or temporal per-fusion index had a sensitivity of 18% and 36% in detecting AD, respectively. When using a separate group of normal age mathced controls, the indices showed an even more difference in the temporal and parietal lobes and the sensitivity of a decreased tempore-parietal and any parietal or temporal perfusion index had a sensitivity of 36% and 55% in detecting AD, respectively. Thus, the type of control with special reference to the pres-once of ischemic cerebral lesions contribute significantly to the accuracy of perfusion SPECT in diagnosing AD. This nay have particular importance in the diagnosis of AD in populations where the prevalance of cerebrovascular disease is high.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2009

Purpose: We have evaluated characteristics of adrenal masses incidentally observed in nonenhanced F-18 FDG PET/CT of the oncologic patients and the diagnostic ability of F-18 FDG PET/CT to differentiate malignant from benign adrenal masses. Materials and Methods: Between Mar 2005 and Aug 2008, 75 oncologic patients (46 men, 29 women; mean age, $60.8{\pm}10.2$ years; range, 35-87 years) with 89 adrenal masses incidentally found in PET/CT were enrolled in this study. For quantitative analysis, size (cm), Hounsfield unit (HU), maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVratio of all 89 adrenal masses were measured. SUVmax of the adrenal mass divided by SUVliver, which is SUVmax of the segment 8, was defined as SUVratio. The final diagnosis of adrenal masses was based on pathologic confirmation, radiologic evaluation (HU<0 : benign), and clinical decision. Results: Size, HU, SUVmax, and SUVratio were all significantly different between benign and malignant adrenal masses.(P < 0.05) And, SUVratio was the most accurate parameter. A cut-off value of 1.0 for SUVratio provided 90.9% sensitivity and 75.6% specificity. In small adrenal masses (1.5 cm or less), only SUVratio had statistically significant difference between benign and malignant adrenal masses. Similarly a cut-off value of 1.0 for SUVratio provided 80.0% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity. Conclusion: F-18 FDG PET/CT can offer more accurate information with quantitative analysis in differentiating malignant from benign adrenal masses incidentally observed in oncologic patients, compared to nonenhanced CT.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the degree of malignancy of incident thyroid lesion found in $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT findings and the usefulness of the method suggested in this study, we applicate the Delay Scan Method that differentiate a false positive benign tumor, inflammation and malignancy, as well as make the criteria of SUV. Materials and Methods: A retrograde study was conducted of 800 patients who were admitted in E hospital to receive $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination. One patient who was diagnosed as primary thyroid cancer and received $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination was excluded. The number of final patients of this study was 799, the reasons of $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination of these patients were follow-up of old cancer or suspicious tumorous lesion in 696 and disease screening in 103. $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT image photographing was taken in Biograph-Duo made by SIEMENS, after taking normal $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT image (1 hr) and then 1 hr later we took the thyroid 1 bed-delayed image for the patients who showed abnormal thyroid $^{18}F$-FDG uptake and above 2.0 SUV for 2 minutes every 1 bed. For the patients who showed abnormal thyroid uptake and above 2.0 SUV, 1 hr later, we took a 1 bed-delayed image and then made a comparative study between measured $SUV_{max}$ of 1 hr-abnormal uptake image and that of 2 hr-delayed image. Results and Conclusion: In this $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT study among the patients who showed incidental $^{18}F$-FDG thyroidal uptake the number of thyroid incidentaloma was 5 (0.63%), all of then showed benign findings. And in the case of incidental $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in thyroid, $SUV_{max}$ variance obtained from 2 hr delayed image can be a indirect criteria in differentiating benign tumor from malignancy and decrease finding error. In the cases found thyroid incidentaloma when 1) $SUV_{max}$ of focal thyroid lesion is above 5.0 and 2) $SUV_{max}$ variance between normal $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT exam and 2 hr delayed is $1.0{\pm}0.5$, they are suspected as malignancy and confirming biopsy is to be followed. Otherwise, I also think that distinct follow-up PET or CT image study is a reasonable diagnostic method.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

The radon concentration in soil varies with environmental factors such as atmospheric temperature and pressure, rainfall and soil temperature. The effects of these factors, therefore, should be differentiate in order to analyzed the anomalous radon variation caused by earthquake events. For these reasons, a comparative analysis between the radon variations with environmental factors and the anomalous variations caused by Gyeong-ju earthquake occurred in September 12, 2016 has been conducted. Radon concentration in soil and environmental factors were continuously measured at a monitoring ste located in 58Km away from earthquake epicenter from January 01, 2014 to May 31, 2017. The co-relationships between radon concentration and environmental factors were analyzed. The seasonal average radon concentration(n) and the standard variation(${\rho}$) was calculated, and the regions of ${\pm}1{\rho}$ and ${\pm}2{\rho}$ deviations from seasonal average concentration were investigated to find the anomalous radon variation related to Gyeong-ju earthquake. Earthquake effectiveness and q-factor were also calculated. The radon concentration indicated the seasonal variation pattern, showing high in summer and low in winter. It increases with increasing air temperature and soil temperature, and has the positive co-relationships of $R^2=0.9136$ and $R^2=0.8496$, respectively. The radon concentration decreases with increasing atmospheric pressure, and has the negative co-relationships of $R^2=0.7825$. Four regions of ${\pm}2{\rho}$ deviation from average seasonal concentration (A1: 7/3~7/5, A2: 7/18, A3: 8/4~8/5, A4: 10/17~10/20) were detected before and after Gyeong-ju earthquake. A1, A2, A3 were determined as the anomalous radon variation caused by the earthquake from co-relationship analyses with environmental factors, earthquake effectiveness and q-factor. During the period of anomalous radon variation, correlation coefficients between radon concentration and environmental factors were significantly lowered compared to other periods such as air temperature ($R^2=0.2314$), soil temperature ($R^2=0.1138$) and atmospheric pressure ($R^2=0.0475$). Annual average radon concentration was also highest at 2016, the year of Gyeong-ju earthquake.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2013

This study was evaluated high end research grade Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIRS) to field grade multiple Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIRS) for rapid analysis at fresh rice leaf at sight with 238 samples of fresh rice leaf during year 2012, collected Jeollabuk-do for evaluate accuracy and precision between instruments. Firstly collected and build database high end research grade NIRS using with 400 nm ~ 2500 nm during from year 2003 to year 2009, seven years collected fresh rice leaf database then trim and fit to field grade NIRS with 1200 nm ~ 2400 nm then build and create calibration, transfer calibration with special transfer algorithm. The result between instruments was 0.005% differences, rapidly analysis for chemical constituents, Total nitrogen in fresh rice leaf within 5 minutes at sight and the result equivalent with laboratory data. Nevertheless last during more than 8 years collected samples for build calibration was organic samples that make differentiate by local or yearly bases etc. This strongly suggest population evaluation technique needed and constantly update calibration and maintenance calibration to proper handling database accumulation and spread out by knowledgable control laboratory analysis and reflect calibration update such as powerful control center needed for long lasting usage of fresh rice leaf analysis with NIRS at sight. Especially the agriculture products such as rice will continuously changes that made easily find out the changes and update routinely, if not near future NIRS was worthless due to those changes. Many research related NIRS was shortly study not long term study that made not well using NIRS, so the system needed check simple and instantly using with local language supported signal methods global distance (GD) and neighbour distance (ND) algorithm. Finally the multiple popular field grades instruments should be the same results not only between research grade instruments but also between multiple field grade instruments that needed easily transfer calibration and maintenance between instruments via internet networking techniques.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

Embryonic stem cells(ES cells) are derived from the inner cell mass(ICM) of blastocysts, which have the potentials to remain undifferentiated, to proliferate indefinitely in vitro, to differentiate into the derivates of three embryonic germ layers. ES cells are an attractive model system for studying the initial developmental decisions and their molecular mechanisms during embryogenesis. Additionally, ES cells of significant interest to those characterizing the various gene functions utilizing transgenic and gene targeting techniques. We investigated the effects of reproductive hormones, gonadotropins(GTH) and steroids on the induction of differentiation and expressions of their receptor genes using the newly established mouse ES cells. We collected the matured blastocysts of inbred mice C57BL/6J after superovulation and co-cultured with mitotically inactivated STO feeder cells. After 5 passages, we confirmed the expression alkaline phosphatase(Alk P) activity and SSEA-1, 3, 4 expressions. The protocol devised for inducing ES differentiation consisted of an aggregation steps, after 5 days as EBs in hormone treatments(FSH, LH, E$_2$, P$_4$, T) that allows complex signaling to occur between the cells and a dissociation step, induced differentiation through attachment culture during 7 days in hormone treatments. Hormone receptors were not increased in dose-dependent manner. All hormone receptors in ES cells treated reproductive hormones were expressed lower than those of undifferentiated ES cell except for LHR expression in E$_2$-treated ES cells group. After hormone induced differentiation, at least some of the cells are not terminally differentiated, as is evident from the expression of Oct-4, a marker of undifferentiated. To assess their differentiation by gene expression, we analyzed the expression of 7 tissue-specific markers from all three germ layers. Most of hormone-treated group increased in the expression of gata-4 and $\alpha$ -fetoprotein, suggesting reproductive hormone allowed or induced differentiation of endoderm.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2010

The compulsory beef labelling system has launched from January 1st 2007 by the amended Food Hygiene Law, we were checked the actual conditions of beef origin with a nationwide scale by the Hanwoo differentiation specific test method which was developed by Korea FDA using 90 SNP biomarkers. The test method is useful tool to differentiate the beef origin carrying out the mission of KFDA's annual food safety management guidance. Also we have technically transferred the Hanwoo differentiation specific test method to other institutes as well regional KFDA and established the training program as a regular course in Korea Human Resource Development Institute for Health and Welfare. The beef used in this study were collected according to the 2009 Food safety guidance in roast beef restaurants where business site area greater than 100 $m^2$. Total 216 samples were consisted of 48 samples of the Seoul area and 168 of the region. The monitoring result from restaurants in all the region of Korea showed that 3 of 216 Hanwoo-labelled beefs were found out as a non-Hanwoo (1.3%). This results are gradually deceasing trend compared with 34.0% in 2005, 30.1% in 2006, 3.2% in 2007 and 5.14% in 2008. From these data, the Hanwoo differentiation specific test method on the settlement of the compulsory beef labelling system has an important role. As a outcome of this project, we might be considered the early settlement of the compulsory beef labelling system, technically transferred to other institutes and the establishment of regular training program of the test method.