• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2015

We studied to compare with the effect on the shoot growth and yield relavant to weed control methods in peach. As the results about 10 day intervals and 3 times investigation after each primary treatment, treatment plot of 2 times and 3 times with the herbicide, glufosinate ammonium, were 98.2~98.6% into $10^{th}$ day, 78.6~79.6% into $20^{th}$ day, 40.7~41.1% into $30^{th}$ day, fabric covering treatment showed 100%, 100% and 97.5% and treatment plot of machinery weeding were 92.1%, 56.4% and 36.4%, respectively. Also, we compared shoot growth for pre- and post-harvest. In the results, most of weed control methods showed better growth than control. Thus, the average number of standard fruits for treatment plot of 2 times with the herbicide and that of machinery weeding was different significantly in relation to control. Therefore, we think that the herbicide henceforth is well worth the application because treatment of 2 times or 3 times with the herbicide showed significant the control effect against all of 14 weed species surveyed in peach orchard and thus no inhibition for growth and number of standard fruits in peach trees.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1775-1780
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• 2001

The study was undertaken to find out the normal mean and variations in somatic cell count (SCC) of milk in crossbred and indigenous cows as influenced by stage of lactation, parity and season. On day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those cows, which were found negative in the CMT, were taken in the study. Paritywise differences in SCC were not significant between the 1st to 6th lactation and above. Similarly, stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. However, the seasons significantly (p<0.05) affected SCC count of milk. The SCC was lower during cold ($1.10{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and hot-dry ($1.11{\times}10^5cells/ml$) season then during hot-humid season ($2.14{\times}10^5cells/ml$). On an average SCC recorded were 1.26, 1.31, 1.54 and $1.61{\times}10^5$ cells per ml respectively in Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows irrespective of stage of lactation, parity and season. Further, crossbred Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows behave similar to the indigenous Tharparkar and Sahiwal cows but are more vulnerable to hot-humid climate then indigenous ones. Significant correlation between the SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation (1.38 to $1.74{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and parity (1.47 to $1.63{\times}10^5cells/ml$) suggested that the SCC/ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 1983

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of cat shark, Scyliorhinus torazame(Tanaka) to the colored lights. The experimental thank (360L$\times$50W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe th location of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50cm level. Light bulbs of 20W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and they were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity were controlled by use of auxiliary filters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 50 minutes before they were employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The favorite color of the fish was found in the order of yellow, white, blue and red in day time, and red, blue, white and yellow at night time. The variation of the gathering rate on illumination time was very little and showed more stability in day time than at night time. The differences of the gathering rates to two selected colors out of the four colors were greater regardless of illumination time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.189-192
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• 2001

This study was initiated in an effort to determine the normal mean and variations of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of buffaloes as influenced by the milking time, stage of lactation, parity and season. The buffaloes were hand milked at 13 and 11 h. interval during evening and morning respectively. On the day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those buffaloes, which were found negative in the CMT, were included in the sampling plan. The mean values for morning and evening were 1.09 (range 0.39-1.76) and $0.97(range\;0.57-2.46){\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively which did not differ significantly. When data of the morning and evening values was compared on the basis of total cell secretion in milk, even then there was no statistical difference between the morning and the evening values, thereby suggesting that no diurnal variation existed in SCC of milk. Paritywise differences were not significant between the 1st to 5th lactation and above. Similarly stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. Significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients (r) between SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation and parity suggested that SCC per ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation. SCC was higher in primiparous than in multiparous buffaloes. On an average the SCC recorded was $1.0{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk irrespective of time of milking, parity and stages of lactation. The SCC was low during cold and hot-dry season but were high during the hot-humid season (p<0.05), the respective values being 0.76, 1.08 and $1.35{\times}10^5cells/ml$. These values were lower than the SCC already reported in cows suggesting less stressful condition of the udder of buffaloes in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 1990

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B$_1$live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 28 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of $10^5E1D_{50}$ per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than $10^{3.5}EID_{50}$ per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical signs of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression(94%), anorexia(84%), diarrhoea(29%), difficult breath(15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum(51%), trachea(35%), illeum(13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.479-483
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E. coli isolated from porcine semen on sperm viability, motility, and semen pH. Semen samples were prepared using commercial extender, $Seminark^{Pro}$ (Noahbio Tech, Korea) that did not contain antibiotics. And 4 different levels of E. coli were artificially innoculated to semen with following concentrations; 4,000 of sperms with 1 of E. coli (T1), 400 with 1 (T2), 40 with 1 (T3), and 4 with 1 (T4). Semen samples were preserved at $17^{\circ}C$ for 5 days in semen storage box until analyzed by flowcytometer. Aliquots were subjected to measure the sperm viability (Live/$Dead^{(R)}$ stain), motility (mitochondrial function), and semen acidity (pH) from day 0 (day of semen collection) to day 5. Sperm motility and viability were significantly decreased (p<0.05) on day 0 (4 hrs after preservation at $17^{\circ}C$) in T3 and T4 compared to control groups and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in all groups from day 3. Sample pH was acidic in T3 (6.90~6.86) and T4 (6.86~6.65) from day 3 to day 5 (p<0.05). On the other hand, sample pH was maintained 7.0~7.1 in control, T1, and T2 during the experimental period. Sperm motility and viability were significantly decreased from day 0 to day 5 compared to control in samples contaminated with E. coli above a value of 40:1 ($20{\times}10^6$ sperm cells/ml : $5{\times}10^5$ cfu/ml). Even on day 1 in T4 and on day 3 in T3, semen pH was acidic probably due to the acidification of dead spermatozoa. These results suggest that E. coli contamination has a concentration-dependent detrimental effect on extended porcine semen quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2005

In order to find out better cultivation practices in mid-mountainous area to produce high quality rice, an experiment involving four transplanting times and four varieties was carried out, during past three years $(2002\~2004)$. There was no significantly different on palatability of rice between transplanting time, but an interaction effect was between transplanting time and variety, The palatability of milled rice of Sangmibyeo, Hwayongbyeo and Junambyeo transplanted at May 10th were higher than Samcheonbyeo. The palatability of milled rice grown by May 20th day's transplanted, Sangmibyeo and Junambyeo were higher than Samcheonbyeo. The palatability of milled rice grown by May 30th day's trans-planted, Sangmibyeo and Hwayongbyeo were higher than Samcheonbyeo and Junambyeo. And the palatability of milled rice grown by June 9th day's transplanted, Sangmibyeo and Samcheonbyeo were higher than Hwayongbyeo and Junambyeo. It can infer that Sangmibyeo is one of the best option over the transplanting times in term of palatability, Amylose content of milled rice was showed without a significant difference between transplanting time, but there was an interaction effect between transplanting time and variety. The amylose content of grown by May 20th day's transplanted, Sangmibyeo and Samcheonbyeo were lower than Junambyeo. The amylose content of milled rice grown by June 9th day's transplanted, Sangmibyeo and Samcheonbyeo were lower than Hwayongbyeo and Junambyeo. And the amylose content of milled rice grown by May 10th day's and May 30th day's transplanted, was showed without a significant difference between variety. The protein content of milled rice grown by later season transplanted was lower than grown by earlier, The head rice yield wasn't different significantly between the treatment of transplanting times and varieties. But the yield of milled rice grown by transplanted at May 20th day was high most in between the treatment of transplanting time. In a conclusion gathering all above the results, 20th May day's transplanting time and Sangmibyeo was one of the best option for producing high quality rice among the treatments in considering with head rice yield, palatability, amylose${\cdot}$protein content and productivity, at Mid-mountainous area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1002-1006
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• 2007

Twenty four broilers (Ross) and 24 ducklings (Cherry berry) aged 45days were stunned and killed by conventional neck cut to evaluate the meat characteristics and fatty acid composition of breast meat. Breast meats were removed from each carcass at different post-mortem times. After complete processing, the breast meats were then placed in a polythene bag and kept in a cold storage room at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The pH of meat samples at different post-mortem times, and meat characteristics and fatty composition at different storage times were evaluated. No significant differences were found in pH at different post-mortem times except at 30 min postmortem, where duck breast showed significantly lower pH than chicken breast. As expected, duck breast meat had significantly higher redness (a*), but lower lightness (L*) value compared to chicken breast. During whole storage time, the a* value remained constant in duck breast. Cooking loss (%) was higher in duck breast compared to chicken breast during the whole storage time. Shear force decreased with increasing storage time in both chicken and duck breast meat, moreover, it decreased rapidly in duck breast compared to chicken breast. The TBARS values increased with increasing storage time in both duck breast and chicken breast meat and was significantly higher in duck breast. The fatty acids (%) C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were significantly higher while C18:0 was significantly lower in duck breast compared to chicken. SFA was increased, while USFA and MUSFA decreased only in duck breast during the 7 day storage time.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 1999

This study was conducted to test actual oxygen consumption rates of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at a commercial scale high density culture tank in the recirculating culture system, with a special emphasis on the oxygen consumption rate of this species with different daily feeding frequencies. Nile tilapia, an average of 400 g and a total wright of 390 kg, were stocked in a circular concrete tank of 2.9 m in diameter and 0.8 m in depth, in a recirculating culture system. The fish were fed commercial diet 1, 2, 5, and 9 times per day between 09:00 h and 19:00 h. feed was evenly supplied where the fish were fed more than once a day. Dissolved oxygen of influent and effluent water was monitored every 50 seconds by a computer with electrodes for 24 hours. The standard metabolic rate of tilapia was $39.31{\pm}4.4mg\;O_2/kg$ fish/hr in the present study. The maximum oxygen consumption was reached between 30 to 50 minutes after feeding. The maximum oxygen consumption levels of 1, 2, 5, and 9 feeding times per day were 161.2, 123.4, 111.1 and 111.1 mg $O_2/kg$ fish/hr, respectively. While the mean oxygen consumption levels of 1, 2, 5, and 9 feeding times per day were $79.9{\pm}21.5,\;81.3{\pm}14.8,\;84.2{\pm}9,9$ and $98,9{\pm}11.0mg\;O_2/kg$ fish/hr, respectively. These results show that oxygen consumption rates are not much different between the feeding frequencies. These results could be used to design to provide desirable oxygen supply system in the recirculating high-density tilapia culture system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 2013

Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the seasonal deposition characteristics of water-soluble ion species by comparing the deposition amount of two samples taken according to different sampling methods of deposition for ambient aerosol such as gases and particulate matters. Methods: Deposition samples were collected using two deposition gauges in the downtown area of Iksan City over approximately two weeks of each season in 2004. The type of deposition gauges consisted of two different sampling methods known as dry gauge and a wet gauge. The dry gauge was empty and used a dry PE bottle with an inlet diameter of 9.6 cm. Before the beginning of each deposition sampling, a volume of 30-50 ml distilled ionized water was added to the wet gauge to wet the bottom during the sampling period. Deposition samples were measured twice per day and analyzed for inorganic water-soluble ion species using ion chromatography. Results: The daily deposition amounts of all measured ions in the dry gauge and the wet gauge showed a significant increase when precipitation occurred, having no difference of deposition amount between in the wet gauge and in the dry gauge. By excluding two samples from rainy days during the sampling period, the mean daily deposition of all ions in dry gauge and wet gauge were $6.58mg/m^2/day$ and $18.16mg/m^2/day$, respectively. The mean deposition amounts of each ion species were higher in the wet gauge than in the dry gauge because of the surface difference of the sampling gauge, especially for $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$. The mean deposition amounts of $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ in the wet gauge were found to be about 15.4 times and 5.2 times higher than that in dry gauge, with a pronounced difference between spring and summer, while the remaining ion species were 1.1-2.0 times higher in the wet gauge than in the dry gauge. Dominant species in the dry gauge were $Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$, accounting for 36.4% and 18.1% of the total ion deposition, whereas those in the wet gauge were $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$, accounting for 32.5% and 25.0% of the total ion deposition, respectively. Conclusion: The seasonal differences in deposition amounts of water-soluble ion species in ambient aerosol depending on the two types of different sampling methods were identified. This suggests that the removal of ambient aerosol is strongly influenced by the weather conditions of each season as well as the condition of earth's surface, such as dry ground and water.