• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.203-215
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• 2015

This study classifies vanity into groups, analyzes age differences and categorizes price attitudes toward apparel products. Questionnaires were administered to 461 college students living in Daegu City and Kyungbok province. Data were collected using frequency, factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, Duncan-test, and t-test. The findings were as follows. College student vanity was classified into three groups of appearance/ achievement pride, low vanity, and appearance/achievement concern. Vanity showed a significant correlation with sub-variables of age difference and price attitude towards apparel products. Appearance pride and achievement concern (sub-variables of vanity) had a significant effect on the conspicuous of price attitude toward apparel products. Appearance pride and Appearance concern (sub-variables of vanity) had a significant effect on information of price attitude toward apparel products. Gender of college students showed a distinction insub-variables of vanity factors such as appearance concern and price attitude toward apparel products such as information, quality, and using coupons. Male students were distinct in look and health as well as age differences by group; female students were distinct in age perception differences (a sub-variable of age difference). Both male and female students showed differences in conspicuousness (a sub-variable of price attitude) toward apparel products by group.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.311-323
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• 2019

The number of newly constructed traditional Korean houses, i.e., Hanoks, and light-frame buildings is increasing. However, related research is limited owing to the lack of awareness regarding safety evaluations. Therefore, this study conducted an outdoor exposure test to accurately evaluate wooden constructions. Spruce, pine, and fir (SPF) material was monitored for a year, wherein the SPF material was artificially dried under 18% moisture content, and its physical properties and color differences were measured once a month. Large differences were observed in the material's weight and moisture content, which are indexes sensitive to daily range and rainfall; however, no significant difference was found for other basic properties in the pre and post test results. Herein, $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values represent color differences; these values exhibited a general decrease after the test. Such differences were attributed to the loss of lignin in the wood. The color difference value was high between the months of May and July, when the daily range and rainfall significantly fluctuated. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the $a^*$ value (redness indicator), daily range, rainfall, and ultraviolet index. The results indicated that the daily range influenced redness the most. According to the estimated regression equation, the daily range and redness are positively correlated. Based on the results, the types and influence of independent variables on color difference are expected to change as the wood's duration of outdoor exposure and the amount of data obtained both increase.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between female nurse and male nurse in female nurse by applying the phenomenological method of Colaizzi which is one of the qualitative research methodology and to analyze the difference between female nurse and male nurse. What is the difference between a male nurse and a female nurse perceived by a female nurse? This study investigated the differences between female nurses and male nurses with research problems. The participants in this study were 13 female nurses who agreed to participate in the study after explaining and understanding the purpose of the study. The recruitment of the subjects was applied by the snowball method. As a result of this study, five categories were found. The categories were different in clinical tasks, the burden of family economic life, differences in interpersonal relationships, differences in nursing organization, and differences in unknown areas. The results of this study can be used as teaching materials and research data to expand the understanding of difference between male nurse and female nurse.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.213-229
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the heath status and health behavior of middle-aged Korean men and women. Even though there has been increased concern about extremely high mortality rate of Korean middle-aged men and mental health problems of middle aged women, there is a dearth of empirical studies which examine the health status and health behavior of middle-aged men and women in Korea. This study attempts to fill these gaps. Data gathered from 1,667 men and women aged between 30-59 are analyzed to examine the level of physical health, mental health, perceived health and health behavior and to explore the gender and age group differences in these aspects. The results show that there exist gender difference and age group difference in health status: Women are less healthy than men and as age increased health status declined. Women at their 50s are least healthy and most unhappy suggesting age and gender interaction in health status. There exist a gender difference in health behavior: Men have regular check-ups more frequently than women and exercise more. These results are discussed in terms of the gender differences in the experiences, social roles and life styles over the life course.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.809-819
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to develop an accurate frequency-dependent type apex locator. To compensate the impedence differences of different canal contents, voltage differences were pre-measured and stored for saline, HOsb1/$2O_2$ and NaOCl. The circuit was adjusted to recognize the different voltages of each solution, thereby the machine could automatically compensate the voltage differences. In the process of this study, the following informations were observed. 1. Most stable apical reading was obtained at 500Hz and 10kHz. 2. There were no differences in accuracy among three different frequency types, sign wave, triangular wave and rectangular wave(p>0.05). 3. Before the compensation of voltage differences, saline, H2O2 and NaOCl showed different readings at the apex even with the frequency-type (p<0.05). 4. After compensating the voltage difference, the accuracy was enhanced from + 0.42 to +0.32 in H2O2(p<0.05), from -0.34 to -0.12 in NaOCl(p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-168
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• 2002

We have been measuring the voltage differences by using submarine cables in the Tsushima and in the Tokara Straits. The aim of these measurements is to estimate the volume transports of the ocean currents through those straits. In this paper, the voltage differences are compared with the corresponding sea level and air pressure differences between straits. Especially in the Tsushima Strait, the voltage difference is consistent with the air pressure difference as well as the sea level difference.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

Objectives: The current study was performed to compare the bee venom pharmacopuncture skin test reactions among groups with different sexes and Sasang constitutions. Methods: Between July 2012 and June 2013, all 76 patients who underwent bee venom pharmacopuncture skin tests and Sasang constitution diagnoses at Oriental Medicine Hospital of Sangji University were included in this study. The skin test was performed on the patient's forearm intracutaneously with 0.05 ml of sweet bee venom (SBV) on their first visit. If the patients showed a positive response, the test was discontinued. On the other hand, if the patient showed a negative response, the test was performed on the opposite forearm intracutaneously with 0.05 ml of bee venom pharmacopuncture 25% on the next day or the next visit. Three groups were made to compare the differences in the bee venom pharmacopuncture skin tests according to sexual difference and Sasang constitution: group A showed a positive response to SBV, group B showed a positive response to bee venom pharmacopuncture 25%, and group C showed a negative response on all bee venom pharmacopuncture skin tests. Fisher's exact test was performed to evaluate the differences statistically. Results: The results of the bee venom pharmacopuncture skin tests showed no significant differences according to Sasang constitution (P = 0.300) or sexual difference (P = 0.163). Conclusion: No significant differences on the results of bee venom pharmacopuncture skin tests were observed according to two factors, Sasang constitution and the sexual difference.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2011

To quantitatively evaluate how setup errors in conjunction with dose gradients contribute to the error in IMRT dose quality assurance (DQA) measurements. The control group consisted of 5 DQA plans of which all individual field dose differences were less than ${\pm}5%$. On the contrary, the examination group was composed of 16 DQA plans where any individual field dose difference was larger than ${\pm}10%$ even though their total dose differences were less than ${\pm}5%$. The difference in 3D dose gradients between the two groups was estimated in a cube of $6{\times}6{\times}6\;mm^3$ centered at the verification point. Under the assumption that setup errors existed during the DQA measurements of the examination group, a three dimensional offset point inside the cube was sought out, where the individual field dose difference was minimized. The average dose gradients of the control group along the x, y, and z axes were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.15 $cGy{\cdot}mm^{-1}$, respectively, while those of the examination group were 0.64, 0.48, and 0.28 $cGy{\cdot}mm^{-1}$, respectively. All 16 plans of the examination group had their own 3D offset points in the cube. The individual field dose differences recalculated at the offset points were mostly diminished and thus the average values of total and individual field dose differences were reduced from 3.1% to 2.2% and 15.4% to 2.2%, respectively. The offset distribution turned out to be random in the 3D coordinate. This study provided the quantitative data that support the large individual field dose difference mainly stems from possible geometric errors (e.g., random setup errors) under the influence of steep dose gradients of IMRT field.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2003

There exist two distinct Symmetric differences in a non Boolean orthomodular lattics. Let L be an orthomodular lattice. Then L is a Boolean algebra if and only if one symmetric difference is equal to the other. An orthomodular lattice L is Boolean if and only if one of two symmetric differences of L is associative.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 2022

The COVID-19 lockdown has had an unprecedented impact on people in various ways. This study evaluates the effect of lockdown repeal from both marketing and public-policy perspectives. Combining the Bayesian multilevel model with the difference-in-differences design, we find that a lockdown repeal has had a negative impact on socialization. Furthermore, the results show that those who have a low level of risk perception are less affected by lockdown repeal. Also, the negative effect of lockdown repeal varies depending on past socialization behaviors; that is, the lockdown-repeal effect is attenuated for those who socialized more than others in the past. Our findings contribute to the intersection of public policy and marketing literature and provide both academic and practical implications.