• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of an unbalanced diet by elementary school students using a qualitative approach to nutrition counseling. To achieve the purpose of this study, client-centered counseling was performed over one semester with four volunteer children in the fifth grade who admitted eating an unbalanced diet. Their perceptions of an unbalanced diet were examined while focusing on cause. The contents of the counseling sessions were recorded and their eating habits observed. The proposed perceptions of the clients of an unbalanced diet were as follows: regarding the causes of an unbalanced diet, there may have been a certain negative event or memory related to food as well as an individual disease or history of disease; regarding the meaning of an unbalanced diet, the clients had two kinds of time concepts (formal one and informal one) and defined the meaning of an unbalanced diet as a matter of being able to eat proper amounts of food within an inter-meal time; and regarding the results of an unbalanced diet, they based their results on the approval of their parents and teachers. Feeding at school was used as the background of this study, which examined the meanings and results of an unbalanced diet, and there existed a correlation between the meanings and the results.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.259-275
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• 2008

Children are an important target of health promotion activities due to the life long effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate a nutrition education program offered to primary school students by community health centers. Eight hundred and twenty-six children from 4 primary schools in Seoul voluntarily attended the program. Teachers taught the classes with materials that were provided to them. The subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire before and then after completion of the program. The data were analysed by SPSS. The results showed that there were significant positive differences in the children's nutrition knowledge scores after the program (p<0.001). In terms of dietary attitude, the rate of 'yes' responses, as a desirable answer to many questions, had increased (p<0.001); however, this positive change in scores was not statistically significant. For dietary habit changes, it was shown that the proportion of children regularly eating breakfast five days a week had improved to 3.3%. And the proportion of children eating fast foods and instant foods decreased. There was no change in fruit intake, but vegetable intake increased (p<0.001). However, the children's overall dietary habit scores did not show a significant change. In the evaluation of the program, 52.3% of the subjects answered that was helpful, and they viewed 'fast food' as the most interesting topic, whereas 'nutrition labeling' was the most difficult topic in the program. The program's effectiveness was positive in terms of enhancing the 'nutrition knowledge', 'dietary attitudes', and 'dietary habits' of the children. Therefore, the above results indicate that this type of program, provided by community health centers, was effective for nutrition education.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to compare weight control behaviors, eating disorder risk, and depression in female adolescents according to dieting experience during the last year. The subjects were 707 students attending a girls' high school in Seoul, and all the information was collected by self-administered questionnaire. Eating disorder risk and depression were determined by using EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test-26) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), respectively. Data were compared between subjects with experience of dieting (320) and those without (387). More of the subjects with dieting experience were unsatisfied with their own body weights (76.9% vs. 44.2%, P<0.01) and weighed themselves frequently (P<0.01) compared to those without diet experience. EAT-26 ($11.63{\pm}8.3$ vs. $5.99{\pm}4.7$, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 scores ($7.05{\pm}4.6$ vs. $6.00{\pm}4.4$, P<0.01) were higher in subjects with dieting experience compared to their counterparts. Therefore, we concluded that dieting is associated with several undesirable psychological aspects such as eating disorder risk and depression in adolescent girls, and thus providing proper education is urgently needed to emphasizing importance of healthy weight and the danger of unnecessary dieting.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2018

Children's exposure to various vegetables has been associated with higher preferences and intake of vegetables. Attractive names have been reported to increase children's vegetable intake in school lunches. This study hypothesized that the number of vegetables identified correctly may be used as a measure of exposure to vegetables. The survey was administered to students (n=368) at an elementary school located in Gyeonggi-do to determine the association of number of vegetables identified correctly with factors regarding vegetable intakes and effects of descriptive menu names on consumption intentions in school lunches. Students were asked to identify the correct names for nine vegetables and rate their desire to eat six vegetable dishes labeled with general names and two different descriptive names. Descriptive menu names did not consistently increase subjects' desire to eat vegetables compared to general menu labels. Children who ate two vegetable dishes and more per meal tended to identify the names of more vegetables than those who ate less, without reaching statistical significance (P=0.057). Moreover, 5th graders who answered that they ate more than two vegetable dishes each meal had significantly higher scores in identifying vegetable names than those who did rarely (P<0.05). There was no significant association between the number of correctly identified vegetable names and children's vegetable preferences and frequency of being served vegetable dishes. Mother's vegetable preference showed a significant positive association with vegetable preferences of children (r=0.147, P<0.01) and fathers (r=0.340, P<0.01) as well as the number of correctly identified vegetables by children (r=0.183, P<0.01). The results of this study cannot support the advantage of descriptive menu labels over general menu labels. However, it suggests that the number of correctly identified vegetable names could serve as a measure of children's exposure to vegetables associated with factors regarding vegetable intake.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

We studied the effects of intake of the steamed bean powder(SB) and chungkukjang powder(CK) on blood parameters such as glucose, albumin, GOT, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, and blood antioxidant nutrients such as retinol, tocopherols and carotenes in 26 college women. There were 2 groups, one group had 13 participants who consumed 30g SP and second group (13 participants) consumed 30g CK daily for 4 weeks. The study compared before with after SP/CK intake. The average age of the participants was 22.1 years, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of all parameters before the study. The energy intake showed no significant differences between before and after SP/CK intake. C(carbohydrate) propotion was reduced, and P(protein) and F(fat) ratio were increased after 4 week intake of SP/CK. Indices of nutritional quality(INQ) of protein(p<0.01), iron(p<0.05), zinc(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.05) were significantly increased after SP intake, and those of protein(p<0.05) and zinc also increased after CK intake. There were no significant differences in TG, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol before and after SP/CK intake. The CK intake group showed the reduction only in retinol level in blood(p<0.05). Some students reported the improvement of the constipation and the regularity of the bowel elemination, and some students experienced the prolongation effects on one's monthly days after SP/CK intake. In this study, we could see the effect of improvement in some nutrients intake, but no effect in blood parameters by SP/CK intake for 4 weeks. That reason might be that the participants were healthy young women, or the trail period was not enough long to change.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2002

To investigate the change of perception after weight management education in elementary, middle and high school students, a survey was conducted. Same questionnaire was administered twice, before and after weight management education, to 426 students at 9 schools in Seoul area. The mean height, weight and body mass index were 145.5$\pm$8.0cm, 40.0$\pm$8.3kg, 18.6$\pm$3.0 for elementary school students, 160.1$\pm$5.2cm, 50.2$\pm$7.3kg, 19.5$\pm$2.4 for middle school students, and 162.2$\pm$5.0cm, 52.2$\pm$6.4kg, 19.8$\pm$2.3 for high school students, respectively. Before education, their preferred weight and perceived healthy weight was 35.4kg and 37.0kg among elementary school students, 44.8kg and 46.5kg among middle school students, and 47.3kg and 48.9kg among high school students, respectively. Differences between their present body weight and their preferred weight and/or perceived healthy weight appeared to be 4.5kg and 2.9kg in elementary school students, 5.6kg and 4.0kg in middle school students, and 5.1kg and 3.3kg in high school students, respectively. After administering education, the differences decreased to 2.5kg and -0.2kg in elementary school students, 4.2kg and 2.7kg in middle school students, and 4.3kg and 2.0kg in high school students, respectively (p<0.01). And their perception on own body shape was investigated using 5 point scale ('too lean' to 'too fat', 1 to 5) before and after education. The mean values changed from 3.1 to 2.8 in elementary school students, from 3.3 to 3.0 in middle school students, and from 3.4 to 3.2 in high school students (p<0.01). Their satisfaction with own body weight was monitored using 5 point scale ('very satisfied' to 'very unsatisfied', 1 to 5), also. The mean values changed from 3.0 to 2.7 in elementary school students, from 3.6 to 3.2, in middle school students, and from 3.8 to 3.4 in high school students (p<0.01). In the evaluation of their nutrition knowledge about weight control using 10 item quiz, before and after education, the mean quiz score was changed from 6.3 to 7.0 in elementary school students, from 7.0 to 7.9 in middle school students, and from 7.5 to 8.1 in high school students (p<0.01). In summary, nutrition education on weight management improved the subject's perception on perceived healthy weight and own body shape, and satisfaction with present body weight. This result suggests that nutrition education program should incorporate strategies to change incorrect beliefs and knowledge regarding weight control. Onto this, weight control education for students should start from their early age, be repeated periodically and consistently, and focus on the harmful effects of excessive weight loss and information on the practical and scientific ways of weight management.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.342-358
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2007

In order to investigate the ecological factors affecting milk intake frequency of adolescents, the questionnaire survey was conducted with 929 middle and high school students living in Chungnam urban area through October and November 2004. The subjects consumed milk 8.6$\pm$6.7 times per week, other beverages 4.4$\pm$4.1 times per week and drinking water 3.7$\pm$2.1 cups per day. Of the students 77.3% took balanced meals, 72.8% ate regularly and 36.2% ate adequate amount. About 61% had breakfast everyday and nearly a half students snacked once a day. Nutritional knowledge scores about milk was 7.2$\pm$1.7 and milk attitude scores was 28.1$\pm$6.5. The subjects spent daily 1.8$\pm$1.1, 1.9$\pm$1.1, and 1.0$\pm$0.5 hours for computer use, TV watching and exercise, respectively. Milk intake frequencies were positively correlated with excercise, snack frequency, meal balance and regularity, breakfast frequency, food attitude score and milk preference, while showed negative correlationships with TV watching and computer use. Intake frequency of fruit-tasted and chocolate milk showed inverse correlation with nutritional knowledge. Subjects without either school store or vending machine took milk more frequently than those with one or both did. Of the correlated variables, milk preference was the most important influencing factor to milk intake frequency according to the stepwise linear regression analysis, which presented other 5 important influencing factors as food attitude, school vending facilities, excercise, snacking frequency and watching TV. In conclusion, the improvement of milk preference is the most important and effective way to promote milk consumption in adolescents. The favorite ways of drinking milk, nutritional benefit of milk, healthy beverage and good snacking should be taught in nutrition education. Also physical activities should be recommended to students rather than watching TV, computer use and vending facilities selling soft drinks should be limited to be established inside school.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.378-389
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of magnesium, iron, copper and zinc nutrition in 28 normal and 28 obese male elementary school students who have over 30% obesity index. The anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and serum levels of magnesium, iron, copper and zinc were determined by 24-hr recall method and blood analysis, respectively. The mean age, height, weight, and obesity index were 10.9years, 147.4cm, 61.1kg, and 50.5% in obese group and 10.8years, 145.4cm, 40.2kg, and 3.3% in normal group. There was no significant difference in average daily food intake between obese and normal group, but meats(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly lower than that of normal group. The intakes of energy, magnesium, iron, copper were not significantly difference between obese and normal group, but heme iron(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly lower than that of normal group. Zinc(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly higher than that of normal group. Serum magnesium(p＜0.001) level of obese group was significantly higher than that of normal group, but there were no significant differences in serum iron, copper, zinc levels between obese and normal group. There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and weight(p＜0.05), and obesity index(p＜0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and energy intake(p＜0.05), protein intake(p＜0.05), animal protein intake(p＜0.05), phosphorus intake(p＜0.05) and animal iron intake(p＜0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and seaweeds intake(p＜0.05), milks intake(p＜0.001). Also, there was significantly positive correlation between serum copper and oils and fat intake(p＜0.05). These results suggest that there should be careful considerations for micronutrients nutrition status among male obese elementary school students.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.78-93
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• 2017

The purposes of this study were to assess energy expenditure of eight walking activities in normal weight and overweight or obese high school students and to evaluate the accuracy of two accelerometers worn on the ankle and waist. Thirty-five (male 17, female 18) healthy high school students participated in this study. They were classified into normal weight (n=21) and overweight or obese (n=14) groups. The subjects completed five treadmill walking activities (TW2.4, TW3.2, TW4.0, TW4.8, TW5.6), followed by three self-selected hallway walking activities (walk as if walking and talking with a friend: HWL, walk as if hurrying across the street at a cross-walk: HWB, walk as fast as you can but do not run: HWF). Energy expenditure and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured using a portable indirect calorimeter, and predicted energy expenditures and METs were derived from two accelerometers placed on the ankle and waist. Measured energy expenditures per body weight (kg) of eight walking activities were significantly higher in the normal weight group than in the obese group and significantly higher in female than male. The ankle accelerometer overestimated energy expenditures and METs (bias 49.4~105.5%), whereas the waist accelerometer underestimated energy expenditures and METs (bias -30.3~-85.8). Except for HWF (fast) activity, METs of seven activities were moderate intensity based on Compendium METs intensity categories. HWF (fast) activity was vigorous intensity. METs from the ankle accelerometer were vigorous intensity except TW2.4 activity (moderate intensity). METs from the waist accelerometer were low intensity (TW2.4, TW3.2, TW4.0, TW4.8, HWL) and moderate intensity (TW5.6, HWB, HWF). Physical activity guidelines were developed based on measured physical activity level of high school students. Further studies should investigate the effects of body composition in larger subjects.