• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.111-124
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• 2001

The relation between dietary behavior and fast food consumption was investigated among 117 male and 164 female students at a high school in Seoul. The main reason for eating fast foods was convenience. In addition, they used fast food chain stores as a get together place with friends. They enjoyed taste of fast foods as well as the atmosphere of stores but they regarded fast foods somewhat expensive for high school students. Among them, 30.1% of the female students had irregular meals and they ate more irregularly than males. More students took too much or too little amount(45.3% of male, 52.5% of female students) than those who took adequate amount. They skipped breakfast the most frequently because they are in a hurry. Most students took snacks once a day and they considered taste of snacks was more important than nutrition or price. They consumed less calorie, calcium, iron, and riboflavin than RDA. Mean caloric intakes of males and females were 79.0% and 97.1% of RDA, respectively. Mean calcium and iron intakes were less than 70% of RDA. Among many factors that may influence nutrient intake, anthropometric indices turned out to be the most influential. Body weight showed significantly positive correlation with caloric, protein, thiamin, and ascorbic acid intakes in male students where both height and weight showed positive relation with calorie, protein, and iron intakes in females. Therefore, this study suggested that fast food stores should make efforts to provide more foods and beverages which are supplemented with calcium and iron. Also, better nutrition education programs should be established to improve high school students dietary habit to complement these nutrients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze specific foods influencing absolute nutrient intake and between-person variations of nutrient intake among Korean preschoolers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 2,766 participants aged 1-5 years in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a 24-h dietary recall method. Major food sources of absolute nutrient intake were evaluated based on percent contribution of each food. To assess the contribution of specific foods to between-person variations in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regressions were performed and cumulative $R^2$ was used. RESULTS: White rice and milk were main food sources of energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. The percentage of fat contributed by milk was 21.3% which was the highest, followed by pork, soybean oil, and egg. White rice accounted for 25% and 40% of total variability in total energy and carbohydrate intakes, respectively. About 39% of variation in calcium intake was explained by milk while 40% of variation in phosphorous intake was explained by cheese. The top 10 foods contributing to between-person variations in nutrient intakes were similar with food items that mainly contributed to absolute nutrient intakes. The number of foods explaining 90% of absolute amounts of nutrient intakes varied from 28 for vitamin A to 80 for iron. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified specific foods that contributed to absolute nutrient intakes and between-person variations in nutrient intakes among Korean preschoolers. Our findings can be used to develop dietary assessment tools and establish food-based dietary guidelines for young children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.317-328
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• 1990

This reseach was undertaken to investigate the nutritional contents of lunchboxes of 5th grade students in the elementary school living in Jinju city. The survey was conducted from July 4 to July 7, 1988. Cereals and side dishes in the lunch box were weighed and nutrients were analyzed from the food composition table. Questionaires were used to determine family background and the food preference. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average education of mother was 10 years and the average number of children in the family was 2.8. 2) The average food weight of 151 boys was 289g and that of 164 girls was 253g. The average number of side dishes was 1.7. 3) The average nutritional value and the percentage of Recommended Dietary Allowances of boys were calorie 578 Cal, 75%, protein 24.6g, 113%, calcium 128mg, 55%, iron 3.89mg, 78.0 %, vitamin A 807IU, 122 %, thiamin 0.32mg, 81 %, riboflavin 0.26mg, 56 %, niacin 4.07mg, 81 %, ascorbic acid 6.33mg, 38%. 4) The average nutritional value and the percentage of Recommended Diatary Allowances of girls were calorie 547 Cal, 82 %, protein 23.0g, 113 %, calcium 135mg, 58 %, iron 3.37mg, 56 % ,vitamin A 911IU, 137 % , thiamin 0.27m9, 732 % , riboflavin 0.26mg, 64 % , niacin 4.03mg, 93 % , ascorbic acid 7.40mg, 44 % . 5) The calorie ratios of carbohydrate, protein and fat from boys and girls were 75 : 18 : 7 and 76 : 17 : 7, respectively. 6) The favorite food for cereals were plain rice, breads, noodles, rice with beans and the favorite food for side dishes were ham, sausage, beef and chicken.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.132-142
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• 2004

Nutritional factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in the different age groups of Korean men were investigated to obtain baseline data for maintaining bone health. Information on diet and anthropometry was collected in 80 elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults aged 25 to 35 years and 98 elderly people over 60 years of age. Data for food and nutrient intake were obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMDs of lumbar spine (L$_2$- L$_4$) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between BMD and nutritional factors were analyzed. In the femoral neck, 5.7% of adults was classified as osteopenia and 47.9% and 37.8% of the elderly were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis. It was shown that plant protein, Ca, p, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C intakes were related with BMD in all age groups. As for the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of nutrients, the lowest quartile group of BMD showed significantly lower MAR among children. The RDA percent of nutrients was a strong influential factor on BMD. Subjects who consumed below 75% of Korean RDA in energy, vitamin A, thiamin, and vitamin C showed lower BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that MAR in children, vegetable Ca in adolescents, and vitamin C in adults and elderly people were the highest influential factor on BMD. Therefore, the above results demonstrated that not only calcium but also other nutrients such as protein, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and vitamin C were necessary in order to keep the healthy bone status. In addition, although there were various dietary factors that influenced bone density, MAR was identified as the major factor that affected bone density. Thus, a balanced diet that includes all nutrients is necessary for a healthy bone density. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2) : 132-142, 2004)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1997

To evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional supplements for cancer patients, the study was performed in 30 cncer patients, receiving chemotherapy. Patients were randomly divided into two groups -15 patients for the nutritionally supplemented group and 15 patients for the control group. Patients of the supplemented group were nutritionally supported with a commercial product for 9 weeks. Nutritional status of the patients was detrmined by dietary intake data, anthropometric measurements and hematological analysis at the beginning and after 3, 6 and 9 weeks of supplemental priod. Mean daily intake levels of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and asorbic acid for the supplemented group were significantly higher than those of control group. Significant increase in mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and arm fat area were observed in supplemented group during the study period. However, the changes of body weight, body mass index and arm muscle area were not significantly increased. Serum transferrin level improved slightly by nutritioal support, but serum albumin levle did not change significantly. There data show that nutritional status of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy can be improved by utritional supplementation for 9 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1215-1220
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to estimate heath status, meal management, and seasonal variation of nutrient intake of rural women. The study was carried out in three seasons ; farming season(June), harvest season(October), nonfarming season(February). General characteristics, health status, and meal management of subjects were assessed using questionnaire and interview. Nutrient intake was measured by 24hr recall. Only 39.5% of subjects felt healthy. 21.1% of subjects often skipped meal each day. In farming & harvest seasons 92.1% of subjects participated in agriculture but 78.9% of subjects had the same or less appetite and 63.2% of subjects ate the same or less than usual. The mean intakes of energy and riboflavin in all seasons, calcium in June & February, and protein, vitamin A, and thiamin in February were below Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA) for Koreans. All nutrient intake was significantly low in February but was not significantly different between in June and October.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 2003

Poor dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intakes are of concern in the elderly, even it is worse in rural areas. In the present study, we conducted the anthropometric measurement and the dietary intakes including macronutrients, minerals and vitamins to assess the nutrient intakes and nutritional risk in elderly people in rural kyungpook province in South Korea. Subjects (n = 168, mean age, 67.3 yrs) were interviewed using d general questionnaire and 3 days of 24-hours recall for dietary intake. Nutrient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA and nutrition reference values (NRV). The anthropometric measurement showed that the weight and the height of the subjects in the rural area were below the average of the same age of Korean elderly people. The energy and protein intakes were 85％ and 90％ of Korean RDA, respectively. The intakes of lipid, cholesterol and dietary fiber were 62％, 40％ and 22％ of NRV for Korean adults. Main sources for protein and lipid intakes came from the vegetable sources and this pattern was more prominent in female elderly people. Ca intake was half of Korean RDA (56％), while P intake was 132％ of Korean RDA. For the antioxidant trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Se) intakes, Fe and Zn intakes were 78％ and > 103％ of Korean RDA. Cu, Mn and Se intakes were > 113％, > 275％, and > 185％ of Korean NRV. Thiamin, niacin and vitamin C intakes were above Korean RDA, but the intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were 88％ and 63％ of Korean RDA, respectively. On summarizing the results of the present study, the elderly people in rural area consume less lipid, cholesterol, Ca, and dietary fiber. Ca intake is lower, while P intake is higher, and this would be the potential risk for bone health. Also, Na intake was high, which can be the potential risk for the cardiovascular disease prevailance. Vitamin intakes were fairly good status, excepting riboflavin. Antioxidant mineral intakes were much higher than Korean NRV, unexpectedly. The results suggest that the elderly people in rural area have inadequate intakes of protein, lipid, dietary fiber and Ca, which mainly should be supplied from animal products. Recommendations to increase diet variety would be emphasized for this nutritionally poor-conditioned subjects, specially including animal food products and high dietary fiber food.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. Methods: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword 'obesity' and the secondary keywords 'children', 'young children', 'adolescents' or 'kids' on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. Results: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. Conclusions: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.403-416
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• 2018

In this study, the dietary effects of probiotics with a liquid application system on meat quality and physicochemical characteristics of pigs were evaluated. A total of 80 Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc (LYD) 3-way crossbred pigs (average age $175{\pm}5d$) were assigned to a conventional farm and a probiotics farm equipped with a liquid probiotics application system (40 pigs in each farm). The two treatments were: CON (diet without probiotics) and PRO (diet with probiotics). Dietary probiotics decreased shear force in the longissimus muscle compared to the control group (p<0.05). The treatment diet did not affect backfat thickness, carcass weight, meat color, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), and drip loss. Dietary probiotics significantly reduced ash, salinity, and pH (at 5 and 15 d) (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega fatty acids (${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the PRO group, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was decreased. The free amino acid composition, serine, lysine, histidine, and arginine levels were significantly lower in the PRO than in the control group. The treatment group exhibited higher nucleotide compounds (hypoxanthine, inosine, GMP, IMP) than the controls. Also, levels of ascorbic acid and thiamin were significantly different (p<0.05), while minerals were not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, feeding of probiotics had effects on shear force, ash, salinity, pH, PUFA, and some amino acids which related to taste and flavor without any negative effects on the pigs' carcass traits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.837-843
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• 1994

The relationships among physical growth, dietary intakes, and Zn & Cu status were investigated in total of 128 eight-year-old children selected from the primary school in Seoul. The mean weight and height were 28.3Kg and 129.6cm and the average BMI and R hrer index were 16.75 and 129.25. These values were a little higher than the ones for the average Korean children at the same age. The average serum Zn & Cu levels were 109.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml and 84.13$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. About 2.4% of the subjects had blood Zn level below the normal range and 8.6% had above the normal level. For Cu, about 43% of the subjects fell into the subnormal level. Daily dietary intakes of calorie, protein and ascorbic acid were relatively adequate but Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin were insufficient. Ca and vitamin A intakes were very poor. More than 50% of the subjects onsumed Ca and vitamin A less then 2/3 of RDA. There was no consistant relationship among the serum Zn and Cu levels, growth, and the nutrients intakes. But it was observed that serum Zn contents were higher as consumption of milks, fats and oil groups were high in the serum Zn contents were higher as consumption of milks, fats and oil groups were high in the several BMI groups, and lower in taller and heavier children within the group of 110-119% BMI rate. Therefore, it could be summarized that the Zn status of the children was favorable but the Cu status was inadequate. Serum Zn and Cu levels were found to be related to the overall quality and/or the quantity of diet and physical growth pattern of children.