• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the inclusion of different levels of ensiled cassava leaves (variety KM94) in the diets on performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs in Vietnam. A total of 40 crossbreds pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai, 20 males and 20 females) with an initial live weight of 23.5 kg (SD = 0.86) were randomly allocated to one of the four pens across 5 units. Four experimental diets were formulated for two growth periods, period 1 (60 days) for 20 to 50 kg and period 2 lasted 30 days, from 50 kg until slaughter. Four diets were formulated containing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves diet of 0, 10, 15 and 20% in the DM. Diets were formulated based on previously determined ileal amino acid digestibility values of the KM94 products and were isonitrogenous and isocaloric on a metabolizable energy basis. Each pen of pigs was randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments. Dry matter intake and final weight tended to decreased with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves in the diet while there was a significant (p = 0.022) decrease in average daily gain. Protein depositions of the F1 pigs tended (p = 0.093) to decrease with increasing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves. There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, carcass quality and fat gain between the groups of pigs. There were clear differences in feed costs among the experimental diets (p = 0.001) with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM 94 leaves in the diet reducing feed costs. It was concluded that, in diets for growing pig, inclusion of ensiled cassava leaves reduces growth rate of pigs in Vietnam but increases profitability as measured by feed costs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.290-302
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• 2005

The nutrients intake and health-related habits of nonagenarian subjects in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated for the purpose of providing the information on the desirable food selection and dietary pattern of elderly population. A survey was conducted with 91 subjects (26 males and 65 females) and their food intakes were measured by the combination of one meal weighing and 24-hr recall, and their general background information was collected by visit. The mean age of the subjects was 93.6 $\pm$ 2.2 (male) and 97.6 $\pm$ 4.6 (female) The average smoking rate was $20.9\%$, the rate of regular drinking was $26.4\%$. The average energy intake was 1,284.9 kcal comprising $77.1\%$ of RDA for elder people over 75. The energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 66.5 : 18.2 : 15.3. The average intake of protein, calcium, iron and zinc were $107.4\%,\;59.9\%,\;106.3\%$ and $60\%$ of RDA respectively. The lower intake of vitamins as low as $70\%$ was found except vitamin $B_6$ and niacin. The majority of the subjects consumed rice as staple diet and mostly consumed white plain rice rather than mixed grain rice. The animal and plant food intakes were 88.4 : 11.6 in males and those of females were 83.0 : 17.0 showing a tendency of plant-based meals. Nutrients that showed NAR over 0.7 were protein, iron, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and phosphate, but those with INQ over 1. Nutrient with INQ below 0.7 was only vitamin E. Even though their nutritional quantity did not appear to be enough, but their nutritional quality was relatively high. The adding dairy products, nuts and fruits for the purpose of proving sufficient vitamin and minerals can achieve the optimal nutritional intake patterns. Further research on RDA of this age population should be followed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The standard pattern of Brazilian food consumption is based on the combination of rice and beans served together in the main meals. This study assessed the effects of Brazilian-staple calorie-restricted (BS-diet) dietary advice, with brown rice and beans, on metabolic parameters, body composition, and food intake in overweight/obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twentyseven subjects were randomly assigned to a conventional-type calorie-restricted diet (CT-diet) (n = 13) or a BS-diet (n = 14). Glucose metabolism, lipid profile, anthropometric and body composition parameters, and food intake were measured before and after 16 weeks. Paired t-tests/Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of differences from baseline and unpaired t-tests/Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparison of differences between the groups. RESULTS: After16 weeks, both groups showed reductions in weight and waist circumference (P < 0.02), and the BS-diet group showed a decrease in body fat (P = 0.0001), and significant improvement in glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose, glucose and insulin areas under the curve, Cederholm index, and HOMA2-$%{\beta}$) ($P{\leq}0.04$) and lipid profile (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and cholesterol/HDL-c ratio) ($P{\leq}0.05$). In addition, the BS-diet group showed significant improvement in HOMA2-$%{\beta}$, compared to the CT-diet group (P = 0.03). The BS-diet group also showed a significant reduction in energy, lipids, carbohydrate, and cholesterol intake ($P{\leq}0.04$) and an increase in fiber intake ($P{\leq}0.001$), while the CT-diet group showed a significant reduction in intake of energy, macronutrients, PUFA, and cholesterol ($P{\leq}0.002$). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the benefits of the BS-diet on metabolic parameters in obese subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-61
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, serum profiles, food intakes frequency, and nutrient intakes of women aged 30-49 years. The subjects were divided into two groups: drinking group and non-drinking group. For the study, we obtained data for analysis from the combined 2008-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Height and weight were 159.2 cm and 58.1 kg in the drinking group as well as 158.1 cm and 57.7 kg in the non-drinking group, respectively. Obesity percentage in the two groups were 22.5% and 24.8%, respectively. HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001) and Vitamin D (P=0.0248) levels in the drinking group were significantly higher than those of the non-drinking group. In the drinking group, rates of hypertension, myocardial infarction, and diabetes were significantly lower than those of the non-drinking group. Food and nutrient intakes, including energy, water, protein, fat, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, in the drinking group were significantly higher than those of the non-drinking group. In the two groups, energy, water, fiber, calcium, and potassium intakes were low while Na intakes were extremely high considering KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) in the two groups was not significant.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.783-791
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrients intake, eating behavior, and health indices according to intake frequency of wheat-based foods, using results from the 2013~2015 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were 882 men age 40~64. According to intake frequency of wheat-based foods per week, two groups (Low intake group (LG); less than four times, High intake group (HG); more than four times) were divided, and their percentages were 54.0% and 46.0% respectively. Frequency of consuming wheat-based foods per week was 4.80, and there was significant difference (p<0.001) in both groups. Intake frequency according to wheat-based foods was high in noodles, cookies, and breads. Daily energy intake was higher, approximately 630 kcal in HG than LG (p<0.001). Also, energy ratio of fat and protein was higher in HG. There were significant differences in nutrient density per 1,000 kcal of minerals and vitamins between the two groups (p<0.01, p<0.001), except calcium, phosphorus, and niacin. In dietary behavior, frequency of meals (daily) was significant. In total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of health indices, HG was higher than LG (p<0.01). Results of this study reveal that frequent intake of wheat-based foods has negative effect on nutrition and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.301-312
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• 1982

A series of growing and digestion trials was conducted using Sprague- Dawley weanling male rats in order to determine the effects of two protein sources (casein and ISP (isolated soyprotein) ), three protein levels (10, 20 and 30%), and two feeding patterns (ad libitum and meal feeding) on the growth, protein and energy metabolism, and body composition of rats. The total energy level of experimental diets was kept constant in 3,600 kcal ME /kg diet. The results were as follows : 1) The amount of food intake and the weight gain of meal-fed group were lower than those of ad libitum group. Though the intake of meal-fed group on 20 and 30% casein diet was only 85% of ad libitum group, it was able to gain as much as ad libitum group. 2) There were no significant differences in the food efficiency ratio (FER) and the energy efficiency (weight gain per 100 kcal GE intake) between ad libitum and meal feeding group. The FER and the energy efficiency of 20 and 30% casein diets of meal-fed group were greater than those of ad libitum group. 3) Though the gross energy intake (GE ), the digestible energy (DE) and the metabolizable energy (ME) tended to be lower at meal-fed group, the DE/GE and the ME/GE ratios for meal-fed group were the same as those for ad libitum. 4) Though meal- fed group fed less amount of nitrogen than ad libitum group, there were no differences in nitrogen balance and the retention of rats among the treatments. Actually meal-fed group retained more nitrogen than ad libitum group at the levels of 20 and 30% dietary protein. 5) After growing and digestion trials, the body composition of rats was constant among all treatments. Significantly high negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.77) was found between the body fat content and the body moisture content. Consequently, this study suggests that meal- fed group on 20 and 30% casein diets has shown more effective utilization of the ingested food and energy than ad libitum group, and increasing tendency of weight gain and the body fat deposition. Those influences of meal feeding pattern in rats were more effective on the casein diet than on the ISP diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.849-858
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• 2007

This study was intended to collect the baseline information on health status, nutrient intakes and dietary self-efficacy according to the obesity levels of male workers. Nutrient intakes of 224 male workers were assessed by 24 hr recall method; also, dietary attitude and dietary self-efficacy were investigated by self-administerd questionnaires. Biochemical characteristics such as blood pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol(TC), hemoglobin (Hb), blood glucose (BG), SGOT, SGPT and ${\gamma}-GTP$ were assessed. Subjects were divided into normal, overweight and obese groups by body mass index (BMI). The health status was analyzed as normal group, health concerned group and disease suspected group. Weight, percent ideal body weight (PIBW), BMI and body circumference (waist, hip) and waist-hip ratio were high in the order of obese group, overweight group and normal group. Body fat mass was high also in the order of obese, overweight and normal group. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP) was the highest in obese group. SGOT, SGPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$ were higher in the obese group than normal and overweight groups. It was Proven that the percentage of those evaluated as low nutrient intakes were 71% for Ca, 50.9% for Zn, 70.5% for vitamin B2, 56.3% for vitamin C and 81.3% for folic acid. The dietary attitude scores were high according to the dietary self-efficacy. The age was positively correlated with dietary attitude, and the dietary attitude was positively correlated with dietary self-efficacy and total energy intakes. Dietary attitude showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to dietary self-efficacy. The results of this study showed some health problems and nutritional problems, indicating the need for nutritional management for male workers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1008-1017
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Quantity and Quality of food and nutrient intake of preschool children. The subjects were 57 children aged 3 to 6 years in Gumi day-care centers. Total daily dietary intakes were calculated by weighing food consumed at the day-care centers taken together with dietary records by children's mothers for intakes at home. This survey was conducted during 3 days including week and weekend days. Diet Quality was assessed by NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), food group pattern and DDS (Dietary Diversity Score). The daily food intake was 992.7g, the plant food intake $(68\%)$ was higher than animal food intake $(32\%)$. The daily energy intake was 1249.2 kcal $(85\%\;RDA)$ and protein 43.8g $(153.6\%\;RDA)$. Percentage of calcium, iron, and niacin consumed below $75\%$ of RDAs were $29.8\%,\;35.1\%\;and\;28.1\%$, respectively. Proportions of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat were $61.0\%,\;14.1\%\;and\;25.5\%$, respectively. Calorie intake proportion of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack were $15\%,\;20\%,\;19\%\;and\;46\%$, respectively. The NAR of Ca and Fe and MAR were 0.84, 0.85 and 0.92, respectively. Thirty-one point six percent of children consumed 5 food groups (GMFVDS=110111) per day. Persons who had higher DDSs correlated positively with NAR and MAR. As a result, dietary intake of preschool children partially showed a problem of over and under nutrition in Quantity or Quality. We hope that the result of this study could be helpful for developing the nutrition education program for the health and nutrition of preschool children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.525-534
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• 2019

Objectives: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia. Methods: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated. Results: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.921-929
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with oil palm frond (leaf) (OPF) with and without oil palm meal (OPM) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in goats. Methods: Six female crossbred goats were fed for 28 days of 3 diet treatments; 100% para-grass (T1); 50% para-grass + 50% OPF (T2), and 30% para-grass + 50% OPF + 20% OPM (T3). Body weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and urine volume, food intake, dry matter intake and water intake were measured daily. Nutrient digestibility was determined from five consecutive days of last week in each diet. Ruminal fluid, urine and blood were collected at the end for determination of rumen protozoa and volatile fatty acid contents, urinary allantoin excretion, blood cell count and chemistry profiles. Results: Goats fed T2 and T3 showed higher dry matter and nutrients intakes while protein digestibility was suppressed compared with those for T1. Crude fat digestibility declined in T2 but maintained after adding the OPM (T3). High fat intake by giving OPF and OPM corresponded to a higher ruminal acetate/propionate ratio (C2/C3) and serum cholesterol level. An increased urinary allantoin/creatinine ratio was found in T2 and T3 compared with T1, implying an increased number of ruminal microbes. Conclusion: Increased dry matter intake in T2 and T3 suggested that oil palm by-products are partly useful as a replacement for para-grass in goats. Replacement with the by-products increased plasma cholesterol level, which suggested that these products are a useful energy source. Changes in rumen parameters suggested an increased microbial number and activity suitable for acetate production. However, the limited digestibility of protein implies that addition of high protein feeds may be recommended to increase body weight gain of goats.