• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 1988

Age, sex and the amount of activity determine recommended dietary allowances. So the method of developing RDA and their levels have been revised according as the physical condition of a nation improves and the amount of activity changes along with the variety of social situations. It can be seen from records that in Korea the absolute nutrient requirements for the people in Chosun Dynasty were first published in 1922. After that, in 1941 Gui Dong Han expressed his view that the standard health diets for the Japanese would be suitable for the people in Chosun Dynasty. In 1960, the temporary nutrition standards for the Koreans were established by the Ministry of the Health and Social Affairs. For these standards, males and females were respectively divided into three groups by age and nine nutrients were recommended for each group. In 1962, The Korean Association to FAO published the RDA for the Koreans. Since then, regular researches have been done. For these allowances, there were 16 age groups of men and women and ten nutrients recommended for each group. On the first revision in 1967, the fat allowance was presented at the ratio (12%) of fat calorie to total calories with no change in the number of age catagories and in the kinds of nutrients. And the basis of the riboflavin allowance was changed from the level of protein intake to that of energy intake. On the socond revision in 1975, there was brought 19 are catagories and ten nutrients recommended. On the third revision in 1980, age catagories increased to 22, and ten nutrients were recommended. On the fourth revision in 1985, there remained 21 groups by uniting the early and later periods of pregency. On the first revision in 1967, the recommended energy allowance was 3000 kcal, the highest level. Since then it has gradually been reduced. And it can be noticed that the protein allowance was high when food was difficult to obtain.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to verify nutrient intake status and prevalence of obesity in vegetarians non-vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The vegetarian subjects consisted of 127 Buddhist nuns(age:23-79 yrs) from Oonmoon Temple on the Choungdo District of Gyeongsang Bookdo Province and 118 Buddhist nuns practicing Zen meditation at Soodeok Temple in Yeosan District of Chongcheong Namdoo Province. Control subjects were 235 healthy female adults aged from 23 to 79 years old. They were teachers and nurses at the hospital of Gyeongsang National University and housewives living in Chinju, Gyeingsang Namdoo Province. The study was conducted from October 1996 to February 1997, and consisted of a survey and anthropometric measurement. The results are summarized as follows : The average age of the subjects was 44.2 yrs for vegetarians and 40.5 yrs for non-vegetarians. The average body mass index(BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians was 22.4 and 21.0, the waist hip ratio(WHR) was 0.8 and 0.8, and the percentage of body fat was 28.7 and 26.5 respectively. The average duration of vegetarian diet among vegetarians was 13.1 years. The nutrient intakes of vegetarians were above the RDA for all the nutrients expect calcium and vitamin A. The intakes of fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid and the energy ratio from fat among the vegetarians were significantly lower than those of the non-vegetarians(p〈0.01). However, the vegetarians consumed significantly higher amounts of fiber and vitamin C compared to the non-vegetarians(p〈0.01). Also, the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid was significantly higher in vegetarians. The prevalence of obesity was 13.9% for vegetarians and 11.9% for non-vegetarians by criteria of BMI 25 as obese.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nutritional levels on the growth and pork quality of Korean native black pigs (54 pigs from 35-75kg). Three nutritional levels (high, medium and low in ME and lysine) were tested. As nutritional levels increased, the average daily gain improved, and the days to market weight were reduced. There were no significant differences in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, loin eye area and % lean among the dietary treatments. However, barrows showed thicker (p<0.05) for backfat than gilt. The analysis of Korean native black pig carcass traits indicated that the fatty acid composition of loin-eye muscle, intra-muscular fat content, sarcomere length, and muscle ratio between red- and white-muscles did not show any statistically significant variation. However, regarding intra-muscular fat, H carcasses (high energy diet) contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids with lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids compared to the carcasses from the other two energy groups (M and L). In addition, the levels of n-3 tended to be lower as the energy/lysine level in the diet increased, while the ratio of n-6/n-3 tended to decrease as the energy/lysine level increased, even though the differences were not statistically significant. Even with no statistically significant differences, it was interesting to observe that the sarcomere length tended to increase as the energy level of the diet increased, and with muscle ratio analysis, the red muscle ratio from the L-group, and the white muscle ratio from the M-group were higher than the other energy groups.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.232-238
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• 2003

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common causes of death in elderly Koreans, and HDL-cholesterol is known to have a pivotal role in protecting against CVD. This study was undertaken to study the relationships between plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical factors in elderly Koreans. The 102 subjects, who were over 60 years old, were classified into two groups based on their plasma HDL-cholesterol levels: a risk group with plasma HDL-cholesterol < 40mg/dl in men or HDL-cholesterol < 50mg/d1 in women, and a control group with higher HDL-cholesterol levels. The subjects' mean intakes of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin E, and folate did not meet the Korean RDA for elderly people. Vitamin $B_2$ and folate intakes were significantly lower (p<0.l) in the risk group compared to the control group. The consumption of seaweed was significantly lower (p<0.05), and fish intake was 33% lower, in the risk group compared to the control group. Subjects in the risk group showed a higher BMI, waist/hip ratio, triceps skinfold thickness, and % body fat, compared to control subjects. Plasma triglyceride levels and values of the atherogenic index were significantly higher (p<0.00l) in risk group subjects. Significant negative correlations between HDL-cholesterol level and plasma triglyceride level (r= 0.37), and values of the atherogenic index (r=-0.74), were found. In summary, subjects with low levels of HDL-cholesterol were found to have relatively low intakes of vitamin B$_2$, folate, and seaweed, and higher levels of the CVD risk factors: body fat, plasma TG, and AI. These results suggest that plasma HDL-cholesterol levels can be modified by dietary, anthropometric, and hematological means.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the intake of Cr, Cu, and Zn, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, and the relationship of these microminerals with serum lipids of healthy college living in the Choongnam area. The nutritional status of the subjects(35 women) was evaluated based on anthropometric measurements, 24-hr dietary recall for 3 days. Three-day meals and fasting blood were collected to analyze Cr, Cu, and Zn. The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 20 years, 158 cm, 55kg and 22.42kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean daily energy intake was 85.9% of RDA for Koreans. The ratio of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 60 : 24 : 16. The mean daily intake of Cr, Cu, and Zn was 60.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, 2.64 mg/day, and 11.35 mg/day, respectively. The mean serum levels of Cr, Cu, and Zn were 143$\mu$g/dl, 81.34$\mu$g/dl, adn 101.54$\mu$g/dl, respectively. The mean serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were 158.56mg/dl, 29.27 mg/dl, 56.00mg/dl, 6.12mg/dl, respectively. In conclusion, the subjects of the present study were healthy and consumed normal levls of dietary Cr, Cu and Zn, which play roles in lipid metabolism. Therefore, serum lipids of the subjects were all in the normal range. There was no significant correlation between dietary microminerals and serum lipids.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.689-706
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education, carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.388-398
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the consciousness of health status and nutrient intake of farmers in Korea. Eight hundred were surveyed by rural leaders of Rural Development Administration(RDA), composed of 35.1 % male and 64.9% female. Data collection included personal & family situation by Interview method for influencial factors of health status. Food intake was determined by semiquantitative food frequency method with 65 kinds of foods. 32.5% of the subjects were elementary school graduates, younger age groups and males had higher levels of education. Mean family numbers was 4.2 persons. In the concept of disease prevalence, gender difference existed. Liver and heart ailments were frequent in males and waist pain and urinary complaints in females, and schoulder pain and nervesness were frequently prevalent to all farmers. The energy intake of farmers was 2000Kca1/day, 19:16:65 of PFC(protein, fat, and carbohydrate) ratio was approached at recommended composition of energy. But calcium and iron were lower than Korean Recommended Dietary Allowences(KRDA), Vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, and vitamin C were over of KRDA, but riboflavin, pyridoxin, and vitamin I were lower than KRDA. The nutrient intakes of poor health groups were significantly lower than those of healthy. In fatty acid composition, monounsaturated fatty acids(FA) intake was higher than that of saturated FA. The CMI (Cornell Medical Index) and Farmers' syndrome were significantly correlated with personal factors, such as height, number in family, education level, and working level. But the correlation of health status with nutrient intakes were only weakly significant. Depending on the regression analysis, Farmers' syndrome explanation about nutrient intake was low(R2 was only 0.01 more or less), but some nutrients (energy, niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin E, and lipids) could explain this significantly. It was concluded that body complaints of farmers could ameliorate with good nutrition.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.179-192
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• 2019

This study was performed to analyze the contents of food intake in middle school Home Economics textbook and the trends of food intake of middle school students in Korea to figure out the education direction of food intake. The contents of food intake were analyzed in major three kinds of middle school Home Economics textbook according to 2015 curriculum and the trends of food and nutrient intake were analyzed in 2,543 subjects aged 13 to 15 years using 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey by logistic regression analysis or Pearson correlation coefficient. As a result, contents of food intake of textbook included food source of nutrient, food group name, necessity of eating diverse foods, recommended daily eating frequency of food group and menu planning according to meal composition guideline, however food intake trends were not included. Consumption of grains and grain products was increased until 2007 to 2010 year and was decreased after 2011 year(p=0.0012). Sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish consumption were increased during 2007~2015 year(p<0.0001). Carbohydrate, fat, vitamin A, thiamin and iron intakes were increased(p=0.0052), and energy ratio by carbohydrate was decreased(p=0.0009) and energy ratio by fat was increased(p<0.0001) during 2007~2015 year. Mean ratios of nutrient intake compared to the dietary reference intakes for Koreans were very low in dietary fiber(19-27%) and calcium(46-56%), but was higher in sodium(221-289%)(p<0.0001) regardless of year. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes except sugars and sweets, bean and bean products, nuts and seeds, seaweeds, and beverages and alcohols and energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and iron intakes(p=0.0375). In the above, during the period from 2007 to 2015 year, intakes of sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish were increased, and intakes of dietary fiber and calcium were low and energy ratio by fat was increased, thus these trends are concerned to threaten nutritional balance and health of subjects. Therefore, Home Economics textbook of middle school needs to include food intake trends of adolescents with basic concepts to help them maintain balanced diet in the rapid change of food intake patterns for maintaining optimal nutrition and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.260-272
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• 2010

This study examined how the participation rates contribute to subjects' outcomes after a nutrition education (once/week) and exercise (3 times/week) intervention program for 12 weeks in 44 obese female subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups: high-participator (HP) or low-participator (LP) groups according to their participation levels based on the median visit value (30 visits out of a total of 48 visits). Daily nutrient intakes assessed by a 24-hour recall, body composition, blood lipid profiles and physical fitness were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. After the intervention, weight, BMI, percent body fat, and the waist-hip ratio were significantly decreased in the HP group. In addition, the HP group had a greater rates of changes in weight (HP group: -6.6% and LP group: -3.1%, p < 0.01), BMI (-7.0% and -3.2%, p < 0.01), percent body fat (-7.8% and -4.2%, p < 0.05), and waist-hip ratio (-3.1% and -0.4%, p < 0.01) compared to the LP group. Energy-adjusted protein, fiber, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_6$, and vitamin C were significantly increased in the HP group. The HP group showed a significant increase in HDLcholesterol and a decrease in blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and atherogenic index (AI). While the muscle endurance, muscle strength, power, agility and flexibility were significantly increased in the HP group, agility and balance were improved in the LP group. In addition, dietary behavior score was significantly increased and stress score decreased in the HP group compared to the LP group. High participation rates were correlated with the improvement of the nutrient density (protein, fiber, potassium, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin $B_6$ and folate), anthropometric parameters (body weight, BMI and percent body fat), serum lipid profiles (HDL-cholesterol, Triglyceride, and AI) and physical fitness (muscle endurance) adjusted for age, menopausal status, alcohol drinking, nutritional supplement use and baseline BMI. Our results suggest that high participation in nutrition education and exercise program was effective not only for weight reduction but also for the improvement of physical fitness in obese women.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2022

The effects of dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of broilers were evaluated. A total of 200 one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatment groups in a randomized complete block design in five replicates with 10 birds per pen during a 5-week growth experimental period. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with or without the addition of 0.025, 0.050, or 0.075% exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers. The diets contained 3,025 and 3,075 metabolizable energy/kg for Phases 1 and 2, respectively. For each phase and the overall experimental period, body weight gain (linear, P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (linear, P<0.05) improved in proportion to the dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifier level, while the average daily feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment. Improvement in growth performance by dietary treatments was observed during the last two weeks rather than the first three weeks of the growth phase. In carcass traits, abdominal fat content increased as dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifier level increased (linear, P<0.05), whereas dietary emulsifier level did not affect the relative weight of the liver, breast, and leg muscles. In conclusion, addition of dietary exogenous hydrophilic emulsifiers from 0 to 0.075% in broiler diets improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers without any deleterious effects on nutrient digestibility, although a corn-soybean meal-based diet had less energy content (3,025 and 3,075 metabolizable energy/kg) for 0-3 weeks and 3-5 weeks, respectively.