• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

The objectives of this study were to assess food intake frequency and food behavior of infants and toddlers by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ). A total of 368 subjects (infants 111, toddlers 257) in Ganghwa county were analyzed in this study. The NQ was examined using an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. The items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20, and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and $x^2-test$. The BMIs of infants and toddlers were $16.54kg/m^2$ and $16.01kg/m^2$, respectively. The frequencies of consumption of vegetables and fruits were higher (p<0.001) in girls and toddlers compared to boys and infants, respectively. Food behavior of meal regularity (p<0.001), breakfast eating (p<0.001), and chewing well (p<0.001) were also higher in toddlers compared to infants. Total NQ score of infants and toddlers were 62.05 and 64.91, respectively, which were within medium grade. The NQ score of toddlers was higher than that of infants (p<0.0.5). NQ score was positively correlated with parent's education, monthly income, age, and exercise. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and improve their nutritional status.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2005

Elder people in Korea was affecting the nutritional status by following factors : low energy intakes, low food diversity, and poor quality of nutrition. Management a nutrition education program was planned to change the elder's nutrition knowledge and improve their nutritional status. There are seven kinds of indicator - knowledge for health questionnaire (before and after education) - we have investigated elderly nutrition education group in Su-Jung ku, Sung-Nam city. The items of surveyed was general characteristics and anthropometric measurement of the elder people, their mini dietary assessment index score, nutritional risk, nutrition knowledge test, and it's valuation comparisons between the before and after every education we did. According to the results of mini dietary assessment index score, the mean was 22.7 at the maximum 30 points and $94.2\%$ of respondents got more than nomal group. The nutritional risk score was the highest in 'high risk' group. Also the results of nutrition knowlede test showed that the mean increase $35.1\%$ of respondents. Therefore, significant improvement results showed by nutrition education programs in elders. These results suggests that the educating nutrition programs fur elder's encouraging eating behavior themselves and changing their knowledge in nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.68-82
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• 2020

본 연구대상자의 평균 나이는 78.6세로 75세 이상이 75.0%를 차지하였으며, 만성질환을 2개 이상 갖고 있는 노인이 55.4%였다. 가구 유형에서 독거노인의 비율이 40.7%였고, 70.6%의 노인이 식사 준비를 본인이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 대상자의 평균 NQ-E 점수는 61.9점으로 전국 단위 조사와 비교하면 '중상'에 속하였다. 균형, 절제, 식행동 영역은 전국 단위 조사의 '중상'에 속하였고 다양 영역은 '중하'에 속하였다. 여자노인이 남자노인보다 절제와 식행동 영역의 점수가 높았다. 독거노인은 배우자동거노인에 비해 다양성 영역의 점수가 낮았다. 다양성 영역은 소득과 교육수준이 높은 노인의 점수가 높았고, 절제 영역은 소득수준이 낮은 노인과 2개 이상의 만성질환을 보유하고 있는 노인의 점수가 높았다. 영양 보충제를 1개 이상 섭취하는 노인이 영양지수 총점수와 균형, 다양성 및 식행동 영역의 점수가 높았다. 연구 대상자의 51.0%가 모니터링 필요군으로 영양지수 평균은 54.8점이었고, 양호군은 49.0%로 영양지수는 69.3점으로 유의하게 높았다. 본 연구대상자의 에너지, 니아신, 리보플라빈, 비타민 A의 섭취량이 EAR 미만으로 나타났고, 비타민 A, 니아신, 비타민 C, 칼슘 등은 영양권장량 대비 75% 미만으로 섭취하고 있었다. 모니터링 필요군의 1일 에너지 섭취량과 단백질, 티아민, 리보플라빈 및 비타민 C 섭취량이 양호군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 또한 모든 영양소의 영양소 적정섭취비 (NAR)가 1 미만이었으며, 모니터링 필요군이 양호군에 비해 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 비타민 C, 칼슘 및 칼륨의 NAR이 유의하게 낮았다. 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 니아신, 비타민 C, 칼슘, 칼륨의 INQ가 1보다 낮아 에너지 섭취량에 비해 부족한 영양소로 나타났다. 1일 식품섭취량에서 모니터링 필요군이 양호군에 비해 총 식품 섭취량과 채소류 및 버섯류 섭취량이 유의적으로 낮았다. 본 연구 결과 노인 영양지수가 높은 군이 낮은 군보다 24시간 회상법으로 조사한 식품섭취조사에서 단백질을 비롯한 대부분의 필수영양소 섭취 수준이 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타나서, NQ-E가 노인의 식생활 및 영양 상태를 평가할 수 있는 타당한 도구임을 보여준다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between anorexia, nausea, and vomiting (ANV) and food intake patterns in patients with cancer on chemotherapy. Method: Ninety-one patients from a university hospital in Seoul were recruited and were asked to record food intake and ANV during one cycle of chemotherapy. Results: Caloric and protein intake decreased significantly. The mean caloric intake was 808.75 Kcal (SD=177.54), 48.2% of the recommended intake and the mean of protein intake was 28.44 g (SD=16.44) only 34.7% of the recommended intake. The mean score for dietary diversity was 3.57 (SD=.73) indicating that the patients had taken 3 or more of the 5 food groups. ANV had a significant negative correlation with caloric and protein intake and dietary diversity ($r=-.29{\sim}-.56$, p<.05) and dietary diversity had a significant positive correlation with caloric and protein intake (r=.46 and .57, p=.000). Conclusion: Patients receiving chemotherapy had a very poor intake that could lead to malnutrition and a compromised immune system. These findings suggest the need to develop interventions that encourage for food intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify dietary factors that may affect the occurrence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Preoperative daily nutrition intake and diet quality of patients diagnosed with gastric cancer were evaluated. Collected data were comparatively analyzed by gender. The results were then used to prepare basic materials to aid in the creation of a desirable postoperative nutrition management program. The subjects of this study were 812 patients (562 men and 250 women) who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and admitted for surgery at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2010. Nutrition intake and diet quality were evaluated by the 24-hr recall method, the nutrient adequacy ratio, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), index of nutritional quality (INQ), dietary variety score (DVS), and dietary diversity score (DDS). The rate of skipping meals and eating fast, alcohol consumption, and smoking were significantly higher in males than those in females. The levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and cholesterol consumption were significantly higher in males than those in females. Intake of fiber, zinc, vitamin A, retinol, carotene, folic acid were significantly higher in females than those in males. MAR in males was significantly higher (0.83) than that in females (0.79). INQ values were higher in females for zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and folic acid than those in males. The average DVS was 17.63 for females and 13.19 for males. The average DDS was 3.68 and the male's average score was 3.44, whereas the female's average score was 3.92. In conclusion, males had more dietary habit problems and poor nutritional balance than those of females. Our findings suggest that proper nutritional management and adequate dietary education for the primary prevention of gastric cancer should be emphasized in men.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary intake according to the risk of coronary heart disease (less than 10% = low-risk group; 10~20% = middle-risk group) based on Framingham risk score (FRS), on 122 male adult subjects. The body weight and body mass index were not significantly different between the groups, while height of the low-risk group was shown to be significantly high compared to that of the middle-risk group. The daily energy intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 1,910.88 kcal, compared to 1,606.63 kcal of the middle-risk group. As a result of analyzing nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal of energy, while the low-risk group had significantly high intake of animal protein, fat, and animal fat compared to the middle-risk group, the intake of plant protein, carbohydrate, and plant iron was found to be significantly low. The daily food intake was shown to be significantly high in the low-risk group (1,445.16 g), compared to the middle-risk group (1,075.12 g). The low-risk group was found to have significantly high intake of sugars, eggs, and beverages compared to the middle-risk group, while mushrooms intake was significantly high in the middle-risk group. Dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly high in the low-risk group with 26.42, compared to 22.66 of the middle-risk group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was indicated to be significantly high in the low-risk group with 3.70, compared to 3.27 of the middle-risk group. The low-risk group was indicated to have significantly high score in DDS of dairy products and fruit group, compared to the middle-risk group. In the correlation between diversity index of food intake (DVS and DDS) and FRS, DDS was shown to have significantly negatively correlation with FRS after adjusting for confounding factors. To sum up these results, the adult males with low-risk of coronary heart disease had more various consumptions of fruits and milk, compared to the subjects with the middle-risk. The proportion of consuming major food groups such as cereals, meat group, milk, fruits, and vegetables more than a fixed quantity was indicated to be high. Accordingly, dietary habit for intake of various food seems to be necessary, to prevent coronary heart disease.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.570-581
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess dietary variety by body mass index, waist circumference and exercise habits in 138 female university students residing in Bucheon and its adjacent area. Body mass index(BMI), waist circumference (WC) and exercise habits were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, and a 3-day dietary recall survey was conducted by interviewing. Dietary variety was assessed by dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance score(MBS), and dietary variety score(DVS). The average BMI, WC, DDS, MBS, and DVS were $20.7{\pm}2.59\;kg/m^2$, $69.3{\pm}5.03\;cm$, $3.87{\pm}0.57$, $7.27{\pm}1.48$, and $12.59{\pm}3.14$, respectively. The DDS for breakfast, lunch, supper and snack were $1.80{\pm}0.92$, $2.45{\pm}0.48$, $2.49{\pm}0.55$ and $0.53{\pm}0.52$, respectively. DDS, MBS, and DVS were not significantly correlated with BMI, WC and exercise habits. However, DDS for breakfast and supper were significantly higher(p<0.05) and lower(p<0.05) respectivly in subjects who exercised regularly compared to those who did not exercise regularly. And DDS for snack was significantly higher in subjects whose awareness of health status was good or somewhat compared to those whose that was bad(p<0.05). These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female university students' eating variety and regular exercise may be required to improved dietary variety.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.419-431
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to increase in the industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle and dietary patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary patterns and dietary quality of AD patients. AD patients (n=50) and gender age matched healthy control (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Preference and frequencies of consumption for 98 foods were estimated by questionnaires. Dietary pattern, current nutrients intake, and dietary quality were evaluated by the 3-day food records. As a result, anthropometric measurements from HC and AD patients were not significantly different. AD patients had significantly lower preference for buckwheat, some fishes (shellfish, flatfish, salmon), egg yolk, some vegetables (onion, garlic, Chinese-cabbage, radish, pepper, mushroom), coffee, and snack than those of HC had (p<0.05). AD patients had significantly lower frequency for pea, some fishes (shellfish, herring, flatfish, salmon, codfish), egg, some vegetables (spinach, pumpkin, mushroom), margarine/butter, nuts, coffee and apple juice, fried chicken, coke than those of HC had (p<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) and vitamin E (p<0.001) of AD patients were significantly lower than those of HC. The intake for Ca and Zn of AD patients were remarkably lower than RDA for each nutrient. Moreover, AD patients' index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ were lower than those of HC. AD patients' dietary quality including dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary variety score (DVS), DMGFV (dairy, meat, grain, fruit, vegetable), dietary quality index (DQI) was poor. This results indicate that atopic dermatitis patients had significantly different food preference and food frequency when these were compared with those of healthy people. The dietary diversity, dietary variety and dietary quality of atopic dermatitis patients were very limited.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.22-39
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status and dietary behavior of Korean and Chinese elementary school children using Nutritional Quotient (NQ). Methods: The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the parents of the child, after selecting four elementary schools located in Pusan city of Korea and three elementary schools located in Luoyang city, Henan Province of China, from Grade 1 to Grade 6 in each school. Results: The NQ scores of Korean children and Chinese children were 64.99 and 66.57, respectively, which did not show a statistically significant difference. Korean children significantly showed higher diversity score (p<0.001) than Chinese, but Chinese children significantly showed higher moderation (p < 0.001), regularity (p < 0.001) and practice score (p < 0.01) than Korean. NQ grades showed a statistically significant difference. According to food security of the household, NQ scores of the Chinese children of secure household were significantly higher than those of food insecurity household (p < 0.01). In particular, it showed a significant difference in the practice (p < 0.001), moderation (p < 0.05) and regularity score (p < 0.05). Korean children's NQ score showed a significant correlation with the score of following the Dietary Guidelines of parents, but Chinese did not show such a correlation. Conclusions: There were differences in children's dietary behaviors and parents' impact to children's dietary attitude between Korean and Chinese. NQ developed for Korean could be successfully applied to Chinese.