• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out to study the effects of exogenous enzymes (cellulases and proteases), yeast culture and effective micro-organism (EM) culture on feed digestibility and the performance of rabbits fed rice bran rich diets over a period of ten weeks. Twenty four, 8 to 9 weeks old male and female New Zealand White rabbits were allotted to 4 dietary treatments; a basal (control) feed containing 43% rice bran, basal feed supplemented with either enzymes, yeast culture or EM. Individual feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and feed cost were studied. Sex of the rabbits had no significant (p<0.05) influence on the parameters studied. The control group showed the lowest daily feed intake (104.8 g), body weight gain (12.8 g) and the highest feed/gain ratio (8.20 g/g). The highest daily feed intake (114.3 g), body weight gain (20.42 g) and the lowest feed/gain ratio (5.60) were observed with enzymes. Compared to the control, yeast significantly (p<0.05) improved the feed intake, body weight gain and feed/gain ratio by 4.9, 34.4 and 22.0%, respectively, while EM improved (p<0.05) them by 4.0, 32.6 and 21.6%, respectively. All the additives improved (p<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber and energy by 4.9-8.7, 3.6-10.7, 5.9-8.3 and 4.3-6.4%, respectively. Higher weights of pancreas (by 38.5-56.4%) and caecum (by 13.1-26.8%, compared to the control) were recorded with all additives but liver weight was increased only by yeast (24.5%) and enzymes (26.7%). Significantly (p<0.05) higher carcass recovery percentages were observed with enzymes (60.55), yeast (60.47) and EM (56.60) as compared to the control (48.52). Enzymes, yeast and EM reduced (p<0.05) the feed cost per kg live weight by 23.8, 15.9 and 15.5%, respectively. Results revealed that enzymes, yeast culture and EM can be used to improve the feeding value of agro-industrial by-products for rabbits in Sri Lanka and thereby to reduce the feed cost. Under the present feeding system, enzyme supplement was the best.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

김치의 주종 유산균의 하나인 Weissella koreensis(Wk)의 육계 사료용 probiotics로서 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 육계 성장능력, 영양소 이용률, 면역능력, 장내 미생물, 계육품질에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 무첨가 육계사료를 대조구(Control)로 설정하고, 처리구로 생균 형태의 Wk를 0.1%(LWk 0.1), 0.5%(LWk 0.5) 첨가한 구와 사균 형태의 Wk 0.5%를 첨가한 구(KWk 0.5) 등 총 4처리를 두었다. 본 연구결과, 생균 형태의 LWk 첨가는 대조구와 사균 형태의 첨가구(KWk 0.5)에 비하여 증체율과 사료 효율을 유의적으로 개선시켰다. 영양소 이용률은 처리구 간에 차이가 없었으나, 조단백질 이용률이 사균(KWk 0.5) 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈청 IgG 수준과 F낭의 상대적 크기는 KWk 0.5 첨가구가 가장 높았다. 생균 형태의 Wk 첨가로 맹장 내 총 혐기성 유산균의 수가 유의적으로 높아졌으나, 대장균의 수에는 변화가 없었다. 사료 내 김치유산균의 첨가는 생균이나 사균 모두 계육 지방산 조성, 계육의 산패 지연에는 영향을 나타내지 못하였다. 그러나 생균이나 사균, 첨가수준 모두가 전자코를 통한 육향에서는 차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구는 생균 형태 Wk가 육계 사료용 생균제로 활용 가능함을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권10호
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• pp.24.1-24.8
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• 2018

Background: Following the ban on the importation of import-dependent fed ingredients in most developing countries, the need to look inward for local content is now compelling. Thus, leaf meals that have phytogenic additive potentials are envisaged will be a viable feed ingredient in rabbit diets. Methods: The effect of dietary inclusion of gliricidia leaf meal (GLM) with or without multi-enzyme (E) supplementation in rabbits was investigated using ninety-six 35-day old rabbits of crossbreed (Newzealand and Chinchilla). One basal diet that met the requirements of growing rabbit was formulated (Diet 1). Thereafter, another two diets were formulated to contain 15% GLM and 15% GLM plus multi-enzyme at 1 g/kg and designated as diets 2 and 3 respectively. The rabbits were randomly distributed into the 3 diets (32 rabbits/treatment; 4 rabbits/replicate) and fed their respective experimental diets for 8 weeks. Results: The body weight and daily weight gain of the rabbits fed on GLM free diet and those on GLM-based diets (diets 1 and 2) were similar at finishing period of 63-91 day but have lower (P < 0.01) values than those rabbits fed GLM + E based diet (diet 3) at finishing period (63-91 days) and whole fattening period (35-91 days). The apparent dry matter and crude protein digestibility of rabbits fed control diet and those fed 15% GLM based diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those fed 15% GLM + E-based diet. Triglycerides concentration of rabbits fed 15% GLM-based diet without enzyme addition were lower (P < 0.05) than those observed for rabbits on the rest test diets. Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein levels of rabbits fed 15% GLM and 15% GLM + E-based diets were lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the GLM free diet. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbits fed the GLM free diet (diet 1) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those fed the 15%GLM and 15% GLM + E-based diets. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of GLM at 15% of the diet did not have a negative effect on the rabbits postweaning period (35-63 days) but will require multi-enzyme supplementation to enhance growth indices at finishing period (63-91 day) without precipitating negative effect on the rabbits' health status.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2009

한국산 쪽파의 품질 향상을 위해 7개 지역의 쪽파 종구로 재배된 쪽파에 대한 이화학적 특성 분석을 실시하였다. 일반 성분 분석 결과, 쪽파의 수분 함량은 예천 쪽파, 조단백 함량은 제주도 쪽파, 조지방 함량은 예천 쪽파의 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 조회분 함량은 중국 쪽파가 가장 높았고, 환원당 함량은 덕적도 쪽파의 함량이 가장 높게 나타나 유의적 차이를 나타냈는데, 총당 함량은 0.36~0.41% 수준으로 유의적 차이가 없었다. 줄기 부분에 대한 경도는 시료 간에 유의적 차이가 없었고, 잎의 경도는 예천 쪽파가 가장 높았다. 수소공여능은 예산 > 중국 > 무안 > 예천 > 제주도 > 안면도 > 덕적도의 순으로 나타났다. 무기질은 K, Ca, P, Mg, Na 등 의 순으로 함량이 감소하였고, 특히 예산 종구로 재배된 쪽파의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 쪽파의 구성 아미노산은 18종 중 17종이 분석되었으며, 이중 glutamic acid의 함량이 가장 많았다. 매운맛을 나타내는 pyruvic acid 함량은 제주도 종구 재배 쪽파가 가장 높았고, 중국산 종구 재배 쪽파가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로 종구산지가 다른 7가지 쪽파의 이화학적 특성은 유의적 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 국내산 쪽파 및 종구의 품질향상을 위해 종구에 따른 국내산 쪽파의 생리활성에 대해서 더 깊은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2004

Hisardale male lambs (n=24, 4-5 month of age) were maintained on a conventional ration for a month, to equilibrate the body mineral status. Six lambs were sacrificed after one month of feeding; the samples of organs were analyzed to ascertain mineral status. The remaining 18 lambs were divided into 3 groups of 6 each on body weight basis. Three dietary treatments containing 100 ($T_1$), 110 ($T_2$) and 120% ($T_3$) of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) as specified by NRC (1985) were formulated and each treatment was alloted ad libitum to a group for 120 days. Blood and wool samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the experiment a balance trial of 5 days duration was conducted to study the balance of mineral elements. The effective intake of minerals was Ca, 111 and 120, P, 110 and 122; S, 112 and 129; Zn, 112 and 126 and Mn, 109 and 123 percent in $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively, in comparison to $T_1$ (100). The additional mineral supplementation had no significant effect on dry matter intake. The average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.01) in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than the control ($T_1$). The lambs under treatments $T_2$ (8.72) and $T_3$ (8.47 kg) consumed apparently lesser amount of dry matter per unit gain as compared to $T_1$ (10.81 kg). Significantly higher (p<0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) were observed in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than in $T_1$. The mean balances for different elements were Ca, 1.14, 1.68 and 1.67 g; P, 1.70, 1.95 and 2.18 g; S, 0.54, 0.92 and 1.11 g; Zn, 22.56, 25.30 and 28.71 mg; Cu, 7.94, 5.71 and 5.53 mg; Fe, 33.19, 32.94 and 31.03 mg and Mn, 8.24, 14.40 and 16.07 mg/lamb/day. The retention of supplemental minerals increased (p<0.01) while that of Cu decreased (p<0.01) due to supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn). Retention as per cent of intake increased statistically for S and Mn while that of Cu decreased. It can be concluded that supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) higher than the recommended level improved body weight gain and feed to gain ratio. The retention of minerals increased due to supplementation. Therefore, an additional supplementation of deficient minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) by 10% was beneficial for Hisardale male lambs under tropical condition in India.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.216-224
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot melt extrusion (HME) nano-iron as an alternative for the common ferrous sulfate on iron (Fe) bioavailability, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) were randomly allotted to seven treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW) and sex. Treatments were the INO100 (100 ppm Fe as $FeSO_4$), HME-Fe levels (50, 75, and 100 ppm nano-Fe as $FeSO_4$). ORG100 (100 ppm Fe as iron methionine). In phase 1, the HME50 pigs showed the lowest Fe content in feed and feces. Plasma Fe concentration was increased in HME100 and ORG100 pigs. In phase 2, there were significantly lower concentration of Fe in feed and feces of HME50 pigs (p < 0.01). A lower Fe concentration in the plasma and liver were observed in HME50 pigs compared with HME100 pigs. Concentration of red blood cell (RBC) was the lowest (p < 0.01) for HME50 pigs. During phase 2, the HME100, HME75, and ORG100 pigs showed a higher RBC and hemoglobin values compared with HME50 pigs. Digestibility of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were significantly higher in HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. There was an increased (p < 0.01) villus height in the duodenum and jejunum of HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. It is concluded that dietary Fe does not improve growth performance of weanling pigs; however, increasing the dietary iron concentration in weanling piglets increased the RBC and hemoglobin. In addition, the potential ability of HME to be used at a lower level (HME75) was observed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.578-583
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• 2007

본 연구는 감귤부산물 TMR 사료 급여가 한우등심의 영양성분 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 연구할 목적으로 수행하였다. 시료는 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여하지 않은 한우등심(TMR-0)과 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여한 한우등심(TMR-1)으로 하였다. TMR-0는 비육우용 배합사료와 건초를 분리 급여하면서 관행적으로 사육하였으며, TMR-1은 육성기 및 비육전기 일부(약 17개월)를 TMR-0와 같은 방법으로 사육한 후 나머지 10개월(비육전기 및 후기) 동안은 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여하였다. 한우등심의 수분, 조단백질, 조회분, 콜레스테롤 및 열량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의성이 없었지만, 조지방은 TMR-1이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). Ca 및 Na는 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 높았고, P는 TMR-0가 높았으나(p<0.05), Mg, K, 비타민 $B_1$ 및 비타민 $B_2$는 시료들 사이에 유의성이 없었다. 한우등심의 구성아미노산 총량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 17.81 및 17.98%로 비슷하였으며, 유리아미노산 총량은 각각 139.46 및 149.15 mg/100 g으로 유의성이 없었다. 불포화지방산 중 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것은 oleic acid로 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 45.01 및 49.38%이었고, 포화지방산 중 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것은 palmitic acid로 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 28.39 및 26.52%이었다. 한우등심의 관능적인 맛, 풍미 및 다즙성은 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 연도 및 전체적인 기호성은 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 우수하였다(p<0.05).

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2015

최초 체중 (IBW) 1.14 g 돌돔 (Oplegnathus fasciatus) 치어를 1종 실험 사료 (ED)와 5종 국내 외 상품 사료 (CED)로 28일간 사육한 결과 최종 체중 (FBW), 증체율 (WG) 및 사료 효율 (FE)에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타났지만, 생존율 및 전어체의 일반성분에서는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 돌돔 치어는 사육 실험 후에는 사료 종류에 따라 FBW가 3.1~7.0 g, WG도 168~516%로 실험 구간에 유의적인 성장 차이를 나타내었다. FE는 65~147%이었으며 성장과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. DCCD구와 IOCD구에서 각각 6.5 g과 7.0 g으로 가장 높은 FBW를 나타내었으며, 다음으로 ILCD구에서는 5.5 g이었고, DECD구와 IHCD구에서 4.8 g과 4.3 g으로 CED구 중에서는 가장 낮았다. 모든 실험구 중 EDP구는 3.1 g으로 FBW에서도 가장 낮게 나타났으며 실험 구간에 2배 이상의 유의적인 차이 를 나타내었다. 높은 단백질 및 지질을 함유한 국외산 O제품(단백질 66.6%, 지질 13.0% 및 회분 14.3%)과 국내산 C제품(단백질 61.3%, 지질 14.6% 및 회분 13.5%)에서 가장 높은 성장과 사료 효율을 나타내었다. 하지만, 다양한 6종류 실험 사료 또는 상품 사료 공급에 따라 생존율과 전어체의 일반성분인 수분, 단백질, 지질 및 회분은 유사한 결과로 다양한 먹이인 사료 종류에 따라 돌돔 치어의 생존율 및 전어체의 일반성분에는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1721-1728
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• 2007

An in vitro and a feeding trial were conducted to investigate the effect of xylanase supplementation on the feeding value of growing pig diets containing high proportions of Chinese double-low rapeseed meals (DLRM). Seven diets were formulated to meet NRC (1998) nutrient requirements. Diet 1 based on corn-soybean meal was used as positive control 1, and diet 2, a practical diet which incorporated a conventional level of Chinese DLRM (60 g/kg diet), as positive control 2. Diet 3 contained a higher level of DLRM (100 g/kg diet) as the negative control. Diet 3 plus xylanase at 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.70 g/kg diet created diets 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. The seven diets were incubated in triplicate with the in vitro two-stage enzyme incubation method to predict responses of diets to xylanase in terms of digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). In vitro, the negative control had the lowest CP and NDF digestibility. Both DM and CP digestibility were increased (p<0.05) owing to xylanase supplementation either at 0.50 or 0.70 g/kg diet, and NDF digestibility was improved following xylanase addition at all of the test levels. There was a high linear correlation ($r^2>90$, p<0.05) between the activity concentration of the enzyme when transformed into its logarithmic value and in vitro digestibility coefficients of DM, CP or NDF. In the feeding trial, 112 crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments with 16 replicate pens of one pig each. An obvious dose effect on growth rate was observed ($r^2=0.79$, p<0.05) within the inclusion levels of xylanase. Compared with the negative control, xylanase addition at 0.70 g/kg diet resulted in significantly increased ADG (878 g/d vs. 828 g/d, p<0.05), and a tendency towards improved growth rate (868 g/d vs. 828 g/d, p = 0.10) was also observed following the inclusion of xylanase at 0.50 g/kg diet. It would appear that the nutrient utilization of corn and Chinese DLRM diets by pigs could be enhanced by an appropriate amount of xylanase addition. The in vitro and in vivo results suggested that the in vitro incubation method is feasible for predicting responses of pigs to exogenous enzymes and identifying those preparations that possess potential for improvement of the nutritive values of feedstuffs.