• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.545-557
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to compare the diet quality and diversity according to types of obesity categorized by body mass index and waist circumference among Korean adults aged 19-64 years. Methods: This study used the data of the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V) and included 11,081 study participants. Type of obesity was categorized into 4 groups (Type 1: BMI obesity + abdominal obesity; Type 2: BMI obesity only; Type 3: abdominal obesity only; Type 4: Normal). To compare the diet quality and diversity according to obesity type, ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) was used with stratification of age groups (19-44 years, 45-64 years). Results: With regard to comparative analysis of diet quality, there were significant differences between diet qualities in energy, protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorous and iron and type of obesity in the 19-44 age group, while there were significant differences between diet qualities on protein, vitamin C, phosphorous and type of obesity in the 45-64 age group. There was no significant difference between diet diversity score and type of obesity in Korean adults. Conclusions: This study showed that in Korean adults, diet qualities of some nutrients were different among obesity types, while diet diversity was not. These observations should be considered in an effort to improve intake of over-and deficient nutrients and in further studies to evaluate the effects of nutrient quality on obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 1990

The relationship between diet diversity and nutrient intake was studied. Diet diversity, caloric intake and dietary nutrient density values were examined as contributors to the level of selected nutrients with the use of data obtained from 14-day dietary records of 60 college women. The subjects were grouped into quartiles on the basis of level of intake of each of the specific nutrients. The indexes of diet diversity were the number of different food items and Shannon & Weaver's diversity index. Differences in diet diversity were found among nutrients and indexes. In general, calorie and protein intake were more diverse, on the other hand, intake of vitamins A and C were less diverse. With the exception of calcium, iron, vitamin $B_1$, niacin and vitamin C, the number of food items increased at each quartile of intake of specific nutrients. It was concluded that for some nutrients(as with fat), the number of food items consumed may be useful in estimating nutrient intakes. For other nutrients(as with calcium), utilization of nutrient-specific diversity indexes is necessary. Increased nutrient intake was accompanied by increased caloric intake(except vitamins A and C) and dietary nutrient density for all nutrients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.459-470
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• 2007

This study explores the textual characteristics, more precisely the quantity and diversity of nouns, of Japanese prime ministers' Diet addresses. In the field of stylistics, textual characteristics independent of the content have been examined with the aim on detecting the authors, genres, and chronological variations of texts. This study focuses instead on textual characteristics related to the content of texts, namely the quantity and diversity of nouns, because our aim is to analyze texts to better understand two political phenomena: (a) the difference between the two types of Diet addresses delivered by Japanese prime ministers, and (b) the perceived changes made to these addresses by two powerful prime ministers. It is a case study of the microscopic characterization of texts, which has become more and more important with the expansion in the scope of stylistics and the production of a wide variety of new types of texts following the advent of the Web.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1907-1913
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• 2019

Objective: Homoacetogens play important roles in the production of acetate in the large intestine of monogastric mammals. However, their diversity in the porcine large intestine is still unknown. Marker gene analysis was performed to assess the effects of energy level on the diversity and population densities of homoacetogens in porcine feces. Methods: Crossbred pigs were fed high or low energy-level diets. The high-intake (HI) diet was sufficient to allow a daily gain of 1.2 kg. The low-intake (LI) diet provided 0.6 times the amount of energy as the HI diet. Genetic diversity was analyzed using formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase gene (FHS) clone libraries derived from fecal DNA samples. FHS DNA copy numbers were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: A wide variety of FHS sequences was recovered from animals in both treatments. No differences in FHS clone libraries between the HI and LI groups were found. During the experimental period, no significant differences in the proportion of FHS copy numbers were observed between the two treatment groups. Conclusion: This is the first reported molecular diversity analysis using specific homoacetogen marker genes from the large intestines of pigs. There was no observable effect of feed intake on acetogen diversity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2019

BACKGOUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated nutritional status of the elderly with dementia in a care facility with the aim of improving the meal quality of the facility. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from 30 dementia patients aged more than 65 years in a long-term care facility in Hongseong. The data were obtained from questionnaires and medical records. The food intake data was obtained using food photographs and the nutrient intakes were calculated using the CAN-Pro 5.0. The data were compared with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The nutrient density, diet quality such as nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ), as well as dietary diversity score (DDS) were evaluated. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical programs. RESULTS: The average daily energy intakes for men and women were much lower than the estimated energy requirements of the KDRIs. The average intakes of energy and most nutrients in the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups. Significant differences in diet quality and diet diversity were observed according to the meal type groups. The NARs of some minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc) and vitamins (vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid) were less than 0.5 in all study groups. The NARs of protein, iron and MAR of the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the liquid diet group. The DDS scores of meats, fruits and diary food group were very low in all meal type groups, meaning that the diet qualities of the study subjects were not appropriate in all meal type groups. CONCLUSIONS: The food intakes of the study groups showed some limitations by a direct comparison with KDRIs because of the very low physical activities of the study subjects. The diet quality and diet diversity indices suggest the need for improvements in the nutritional quality in all types of diet. Overall, new intervention strategies targeting facility residents with dementia in Korea are needed as soon as possible.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.102-114
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• 2002

This study was performed to assess the relationship between diet quality and general characteristics, stress, exercise habits, and nutritional knowledge score in the postmenopausal women. The data of dietary intakes were obtained using food frequency questionnaires which were collected from 151 postmenopausal women in urban area. Diet quality was assessed by INQ(index of nutritional quality), MAR(mean adequacy ratio), DDS(dietary diversity score), DVS(dietrary variety score), DQI(diet quality index). The results are summarized as follows. The mean age of the subjects was 59.9 years old. The means of height, weight, and BMI were 154.7cm, 57.2kg and 23.9 respectively. The subjects who did not exercise regularly were 70.9% and those who excercised at least once a week were 29.1%. The subjects who had regular meal time were 69.5% and those who ate breakfast regularly were 72.6%. More than 2/3 of subjects had regular eating behavior. Overall dict quality was significantly(p < 0.05) associated with INQ, MAR, DDS, DQI. However, there was no significant association between income level and diet quality. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to provide nutritional education included dietary diversity, dietary variety, dietary guideline, and adequate flood amount, to prevent chronic degenerative disease and maintain healthful life in the postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.373-384
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns of Korean middle school students and to investigate the characteristics of dietary intake of subjects with different dietary pattern. Three-day diet records were obtained from 163 male and 155 female 7th graders in Seoul, Korea. Food items from the diet records were aggregated into 22 food groups before subjected to factor analysis. Four dietary patterns emerged from factor analysis with different factor score. Cluster analysis using factor score classified subjects into three groups named 'Traditional' (n = 42), 'Westernized' (n = 135), and 'Intermediate' (n = 145). Major nutrient intake and dietary quality assessed by NAR (Nutrients Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of the three groups were compared. Mean energy intakes of three groups were 1783, 1916, 1578 kcal in Traditional, Westernized, and Intermediate diet group respectively. Differences in nutrient intake of the groups were significant in all nutrients except vitamin B$_1$. Percent energy from fat was significantly higher in Westernized and Intermediate diet group, and cholesterol intake of Westernized diet group was higher than 300mg. NARs of most nutrients were higher in Traditional and Westernized than Intermediate diet group except vitamin E. Traditional and Westernized diet groups had the highest MAR of fourteen nutrients. DDS was the highest in Westernized and DVS was the highest in Traditional and Westernized diet group. Traditional diet groups had 22％ of energy consumption from breakfast, significantly higher than other diet groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that Korean teenagers with Traditional diet pattern have lower diet in ％ energy from fat, diversity of food and regularity of meals. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between dietary patterns and health status of Korean teenagers.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2016

Dietary proteins influence colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, depending on their quantity and quality. Here, using pyrosequencing, we compared the fecal microbiota composition in Balb/c mice fed either a normal protein/carbohydrate diet (ND, 20% casein and 68% carbohydrate) or a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet (HPLCD, 30% casein and 57% carbohydrate). The results showed that HPLCD feeding for 2 weeks reduced the diversity and altered the composition of the microbiota compared with the ND mice, which included a decrease in the proportion of the family Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and increases in the proportions of the genus Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, especially the species EF09600_s and EF604598_s. Similar changes were reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and in mouse models of CRC and colitis, respectively. This suggests that HPLCD may lead to a deleterious luminal environment and may have adverse effects on the intestinal health of individuals consuming such a diet.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2024

A diet rich in proinflammatory components and inflammation are suggested to be significant risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the association between the risk of MS and the inflammatory potential of an individual's diet and dietary diversity through pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory food intake score (PAIFIS) and dietary diversity score (DDS). In a hospital-based case-control study, 397 participants, including 197 patients with MS and 200 healthy participants aged over 18 years, were evaluated. The history of smoking, dietary intake, and anthropometric characteristics, including body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat, and fat-free mass were assessed. A validated 160-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the PAIFIS and DDS scores. The mean age of the participants was 32.45 ± 8.66 years, and most were females (274, 79.4%). The PAIFIS score was significantly higher among MS patients than healthy participants (p = 0.001). Between PAIFIS and DDS, only PAFIS was significantly related to MS risk (odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.004; p = 0.001). PAIFIS, as an index of dietary inflammation, can predict MS. Further studies are needed to document these findings.