• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.4 s.57
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• pp.271-276
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• 1983

In field studies, the insecticides carbofuran(Furadan 3G) and diazion(3G) at the rate of 1,8 kg a.i./ha as a single side-furrowing treatment from March 13 to April 10(7 to 10 days intervals) were evaluated in terms of the control effects to the onion maggots(Hylemyia antique Meigen) and some phytotonic effects to the garlic plants. The treatments with carbofuran were significantly more effective in onion maggot control than the treatment with diazinon and untreated, and the earlier treatments the better control effects were obtained. Phytotonic effects only with carbofuran on garlic plants were of served as increases ranged $16.5\~23.2\%$ in plant heights, $22.0\~32.0\%$ in stem diameters and $15.5\~22.8\%$ in bulb diameters compared to the untreated. The greatest yield of garlics was resulted in the plots of Match-13 treatments with carbofuran, ca. 10,700kg/ha in the carbofuran treatment, ca. 5637kg/ha in the diazinon treatment and ca. 4728kg/ha in the untreated plots. The magnitude of yield increase of garlics in the plots treated with carbofuran was attributable to positively stimulate the growth response of garlic plants as well as the control effects to onion maggots.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

Objectives: Diazinon is an insecticide which acts as a contact stomach and respiratory poison, and used throughout the world to control a wide range of sucking and chewing insects and mites on a range of crops. In this study, the airborne diazinon levels were measured for farmers, pest control operaters, landscapers, and agricultural chemicals sellers, and an assessment of the health risk to the workers was presented. The exposure scenario was based on the route of inhalation and skin absorption. The "OSHA Method No. 62" was used to sample and measure the airborne diazinon levels. The skin wipe method was applied to measure the level of the diazinone exposure through the skin. For the determination of exposure scenario, the exposure factors were surveyed for the daily average inhalation rate and the exposure period and frequency and time of diazinone as well as the body weight and lifetime of the workers. The median values of exposure frequency and exposure time were selected after evaluating the validity of those. Methods: The highest level of the diazinon exposure in the air was $107.21ug/m^3$ in farmers, followed by $93.53ug/m^3$ in landscapers, at $31.40ug/m^3$ in pest control operators, and $1.04ug/m^3$ in agricultural chemical seller. The amount of skin absorption was the highest in farmers at 63.39 ug/day, followed by landscapers at 10.47 ng/day, pest control operaters at 4.26 ng/day, and agricultural chemicals sellers at 0.34 ng/day. The hazardous indices calculated using toxicological reference value were 2.79 for pest control operaters, 0.41 for landscapers, 0.07 for agricultural chemicals sellers, and 0.06 for farmers. Conclusions: While the farmers were exposed to the high levels of diazinon through the air and skin, the pest control operaters, landscapers and agricultural chemicals sellers have more the diazinon hazards than the farmer based on the risk assessment in this study.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.1 s.26
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• pp.1-6
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• 1976

his study was conducted to investigate selective toxicity of several organophosphorous and carbamic insecticides against the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugensEugens), and the green rice leafhopper (Nephotetix cincticeps). The test insecticides were the organophosphoric insecticides, Diazinon$(34\%\; Ec.,\; 3\%\; G.),$ $MEP(Sumithion 50\%\; Ec.)$, and PAP(Elsan\; 47.5\%\; Ec.)$ and the carbamic insecticides. MPMC $(Meobal\; 50\%\;WP.)$, $BPMC(Bassa\; 50\%\; Ec.)$, and carbofuran $(Curaterr; 3\%\; G.)$. Toxicitiy for emulsion concentrates and wettable powders were evaluated by dipping method of rice seedlings in the laboratory and that for granulated insecticides evaluated by submerged application with potted plants in the greenhouse. In the test of contact toxicity by seedling dips, Diazinon MEP and PAP showed significantly low toxicity to the brown planthopper and MEP to the green rice leafhopper. In the test of submerged application, Carbofuran showed almost equal toxicity to the four species of the hoppers, but Diazinon was greatly less toxic to the brown planthopper. In general. the organophosphorous insecticides tested seemed to be selective in toxicity to the species of the hoppers, while the carbamic insecticides being less selective. The carbamic insecticides such as MPMC, BPMC and Carbofuran were almost equal in toxicity to the four species of the hoppers tested.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

New formulation of diazinon as granule preparing with piperonyl butoxide(PBO) and triphenyl phosphate(TPP) known as the inhibitor of monooxygenase(mo) and esterase was tested with the mortality of rice leaf hopper. Also, the mixed formulation of diazinon with tricyclazole, carbofuran and EPN were investigated about the residual pattern of diazinon in submerged soil condition at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Although the mortality about rice leaf hopper was higher only 10% on new formulation of diazinon than commercial at recommended dose but was 30-60% at half dose. Half life of diazinon in the formulation with 0.1% of PBO+TPP was 4.53 days in sterilized soil and 2.33 days in non-sterilized soil, and it was delayed about 0.74 and 0.45 respectively in contrast with the commercial granule. Also, half life of the new formulation with 1% PBO and PBO+TPP was delayed 0.44(PBO) and 0.65day(PBO+TPP) in non-sterilized soil condition, respectively. Half life of mixed formulation with tricyclazole, carbofuran, EPN or EPN+Carbofuran was delayed 2.61, 1.04, 0.43 or 2.7 days, respectively. As a result, the persistence rate of new formulation and mixed formulation was increased by inhibition of two enzymes affecting to the dgradation of diazinon in submerged soil.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.2 s.43
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• pp.79-83
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• 1980

The toxicities of some soil insecticides were evaluated in terms of the tolerance to various larval-ins tars of the common cutworm (Agrotis fucosa Butler) using topical application method in the laboratory. $LD_{50}$ values(ug/larva) were determined by the probit analysis and the tolerance-values were obtained with '$LD_{50}$ values for from 2nd-to 6th-instars/$LD_{50}$ values for first-instars.' The relative toxicities of the insecticides were 31so compared with the $LD_{50}$ values for the instars. The degree of tolerance was greatly increased as the larval instar advanced; the ranges of tolerance between the first-and 6th-instar larvae to the insecticides phoxim (Volaton), diazinon, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), carbofuran (Curaterr) and Mocap were 251.6, 126.6, 97.5, 44.3, and 18.7 times, respectively. The average relative toxicities of the insecticides for the instars indicated that the toxicity of phoxim was the greatest and following carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, Mocap and diazinon.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.3
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• pp.41-44
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• 1964

1. This experiment was planned to compare the effectiveness of Diazinon granular and gammadol dust with the low toxic organophosphorus insecticides applied on the water-surface for the control of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker, in the 2 nd generation and to determine the proper timing of those insecticidal applications at Suwon, Korea, in 1964. 2. The hatching larvae from the eggs were inoculated on the rice plants in pots and insecticides were applied on the water-surface of pots at a given day intervals. The dose of insecticides used per pot was calculated from the 120g. as a actual ingredient per 10 a. The number of living larvae was observed at the 20 days later from the inoculation (as shown in Table 1.). 3. As shown in Table 2 and 3, there was highly significance between the chemicals and L.S.D. was 24.22. The best effectiveness was Diazinon granular and 2nd was gamma-dol dust. The organophosphorus emulsion concentrations used in this experiment were less effective than two other insecticides. Although there were some suspicious results according to the day intervals inoculated, the order of effectiveness was Diazinon>gamma-dol>Sumithion>EM>EPN> Cidial as the total moan. 4, As shown in Table 2 and 3, there was no significance between the timing of insecticidal applications, but, m the whole, Diazinon granular was most effective at a given day intervals in this experiment and gamma-dol also was effective at the day Plot inoculated. The proper timing of EPN, EM, and Cidial seemed to be at e day plot inoculated and that of Sumithion at the day plot before inoculation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 1999

The adsorption and leaching of organophosphorus pesticides (phenthoate, diazinon, methidathion) were investigated in Namwon soli(black volcanic soil), Aewol soil(very dark brown volcanic soil) and Mureung soil(dark brown nonvolcanic soil) sampled in Cheju Island. The Freundlich constant, K value, was 52.4, 31.3 and 27.7 for phenthoate, diazinon and methidathion in Namwonsoil, respectively and decreased in the order of phenthoate, diazinon and methidathion among the pesticides. The K value of phenthoate was 52.4, 15.9 and 5.9 for Namwon, Aewol and Mureung soil, respectively and was the highest for Namwon soil with very high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity(CEC). The Freundlich constant, 1/n, showed a high correlation with organic matter content, i.e., its value was less than unity for organic matter rich soil(Namwon soil) and greater than unity for organic matter poor soil(Mureung soil). Total recoveries of pesticides in soil and leachate with leaching in soil column, were in the range of about 74~86%. The leaching of pesticides was less for phenthate with high K values, and more for methidathion with low K values among the pesticides. It was slower for Namwon soil with high K values, and more for methidathion with low K values among the pesticides. It was slower for Namwon soil with high K values, and faster for Mureung soil with low K values among the soils.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2012

The midge samples were undertaken at three streams, representing different surrounding environments, to investigate the contaminant exposure of midge. The content of heavy metals in midge collected in Singil stream were generally higher as a result of input to the industrial effluents with respect to other streams. Adsorption experiments were done to evaluate the possibility of removing contaminants from water with midge. Diazinon and heavy metals were contaminant target compounds in this study. The removal rate of diazinon in water by midge was 60-75%. In the case of Cu, the removal rate was reached around 90% at the lower initial concentration of 1.87 and 0.81 ppm rather than 4.25 ppm. The reduction of concentration of Cr and Cd according to the lapse of time was similar to the Cu, but their removal rates were shown 50% and 60-74%, respectively. The removal rate of Zn by midge represented relatively high level within the experimental condition. No change in concentration of Cr and As with time were occurred at all experimental conditions. It accounts for the fact that the reduction of Cr and As could not be achieved through the adsorption process, using midge.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.125-130
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• 2004

This study has been assessed the influence of applying sewage sludge to soil amendments on the sorption properties, and leaching potential of three commonly used organophosphorus pesticides, Diazinon, Fenitrothion, and Chlorpyrifos. A sandy soil with a low content of organic carbon was treated with sewage sludge with a ratio sandy soil : sludge ratio of 30:1. The sorption was determined with the batch equilibrium technique. The sorption isotherms could be described by Freundlich equation. The Freundlich constant, K value which measures sorption capacity, were 3.97, 9.94, 22.48 for Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos in non-amended soil. But in amended soil, K value was 12.58, 28.47, and 61.21 for Diazinon, Fenitrothion, and Chlorpyrifos. The overall effect of sewage sludge addition to soil was to increase pesticides adsorption, due to the high sorption capacity of the organic matter. The effect of sludge on tile leaching of pesticides in the soil was studied using packed soil columns. Total recoveries of pesticides in soil and leachate with leaching in soil column, were in the range of about 73～84%, was reduced with the passage of time. Diazinon moved more rapidly than Chlorpyrifos in the unamended soil due to greater sorption and lower water solubility of Chlorpyrifos. Total amounts of pesticides leached from the sewage sludge amended soils were significantly reduced when compared with unamended soils. This reduction may be mainly due to and increase in sorption in amended soils, as a consequence of the increase in the organic matter content.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.487-491
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• 1994

Relative crystallinities, saccharification efficiency, and diazinon(pesticide) residues of rice and rice hull puffed by hot air puffer were investigated. Crystallinities of rice starch in the puffed rice were decreased as compared to those in cooked rice, and those of rice hull were slightly decreased as compared to those in raw hull. By puffing of glutinous rice, the saccharification efficiency treated with malt amylase was higher than in cooked rice, and hydrolysis ratio of rice hull by cellulase was also increased from 14% to 30% by puffing. The residual contents of diazinon of the puffed rice and rice hull were decreased to 42.7% and 47.6%, respectively. In addition, its decreasing rate in nonglutinous rice were higher than that of glutinous rice.