• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2005

A neurolytic celiac plexus block produces long-lasting pain relief in upper abdominal cancer patients. Unwanted side effects such as local pain, hypotension, and diarrhea are common but the durations of these side effects are usually transient. Chronic diarrhea induced by a neurolytic celiac plexus block is rarely reported and is considered to be an autonomic neuropathy due to sympathetic denervation. A 73-year-old Klatskin tumor patient developed chronic diarrhea after a neurolytic celiac plexus block and the diarrhea was sustained for 3 months despite the use of conventional antidiarrheal treatments. We report a case of chronic diarrhea that was induced by a neurolytic celiac plexus block.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence and factors related to diarrhea in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Retrospective correlational design was used. Data were collected from reviewing medical records of 210 patients stayed at an ICU in one university hospital, Seoul. Patients were included in the study if they 1) had no gastrointestinal disorders or fecal incontinence before coming to the ICU, 2) stayed longer than 5 days at the ICU, 3) were not on stool softners, 4) were without abdominal surgery, and 5) were 20-year-old or older. Results: The incidence of diarrhea was 27.1%. Durations of ICU stay, antibiotics administration, and enteral feeding were found to be statistically significant factors correlated with diarrhea. The enteral feeding was the significant predictors of the diarrhea in ICU. Conclusion: Since characteristics of diarrhea in ICU patients is shown to be multifactorial, nursing strategies for evaluating and managing related factors are recommended.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2021

Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years old worldwide, and is the most common cause of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death in children under 5 years old. This study examined the association between sociodemographic factors and diarrhea in children under 5 years using the data of 7,474 households in the 2014-2015 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Overall prevalence of diarrhea in this study was 12.7% in children. An increased risk for diarrhea was found for children aged 12-23 months (odds ratio (OR)=4.514), those with a low economic status (OR=1.64), those from the Western province (OR=1.439), those with poorly-educated mothers (OR=5.163), and those with families engaged in agricultural activities (OR=1.624). In conclusion, sociodemographic factors significantly affect the risk of developing diarrhea in children under 5 years in Rwanda. Designing and implementing health education promoting awareness of early interventions and rotavirus vaccination are essential to reduce diarrheal diseases for the Rwandan community.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.537-541
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the concentrations of blood retinol and $\alpha$-tocopherol in normal and diarrhea calves. The subjects of the experiments are from three groups. Each group consists of 5 calves(diarrhea, treatment and control group). The CBC, serum chemistry, serum retinol and a-tocopherol concentrations were estimated in each group. Blood retinol concentration was $13.3{\pm}7.0{\mu}g/100ml$ in diarrhea group, $31.5{\pm}6.9{\mu}g/100ml$ in treatment group and $28.1{\pm}11.8{\mu}g/100ml$ in the control group. The blood concentration in diarrhea group was significantly lower than that of the control group in the case of retinol(p<0.05). However, there were no significance between the treatment poop and the control group. The $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration in blood was $266.0{\pm}127.6{\mu}g/100ml$ in diarrhea group, $432.2{\pm}172.7{\mu}g/100ml$ in the treated group and $579.3{\pm}145.8{\mu}g/100ml$ in the control group. In the case of $\alpha$-tocopherol, the laboratory group were significantly lower than the control group(p<0.05), except for the treatment group. As in retinol concentration there were no significance between treatment group and the control group. In the test of CBC, PCV was significantly lower in the group with diarrhea than the control group(p<0.05). Fibrinogen concentrations in diarrhea calves were significantly higher than the treatment and control group. In conclusion, the blood retinol and $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration in diarrhea calves are lower than normal calves. Medication of retinol and $\alpha$-tocopherol on calves with diarrhea is recommended.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2016

Diarrhea is reported as one of the most common diseases in calves. It is thought to be a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of well-known diarrheagenic pathogens and incidence of diarrhea in Korean calves. In this study, the relationship of calf diarrhea and pathogens were investigated from calves under 60 days of age in five areas of Korea from April to July, 2016. Of examined fecal samples, 38.3% was positive for any pathogens, and Giardia was the most common pathogen (25.5%). The incidence of diarrhea was 31% from pathogen-negative fecal samples whereas 61.1% from pathogen-positive fecal samples, suggesting high correlation between pathogenic factor and diarrhea. In addition, 80% of E. coli (K99) positive calves showed diarrhea, suggesting E. coli (K99) could be highly pathogenic. The incidence of diarrhea and infection rate increased with age. Rotavirus was revealed as a major pathogen in calves under 20 days of age, and the infection rate of Giardia increased rapidly in calves 20 to 39 days of age. The information on interconnections between clinical diarrhea and pathogens would contribute to developing strategies for treatment of calf diarrhea.

• 생약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.355-359
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• 1995

To find serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-antagonizing activities in traditional herbal drugs, crude extracts from 66 kinds of traditional herbal drugs were randomly screened for inhibitory effects on 5-hydroxytryptophan(HTP)-induced diarrhea in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of 5-HTP(2.5 mg/kg) induced diarrhea in 92% of mice, when observed from 10 to 15 min after injection. Crude extracts(2 g/kg) from 66 kinds of traditional herbal drugs were orally pretreated for 1 h before 5-HTP injection. Of the 66 herbal drugs screened, Ephedrae Herba(麻黃), Cimicifugae Rhizoma(升麻), Anisi stellati Fructus(八角茴香), Aurantii Fructus(枳實), Polygalae Radix(遠志) showed the most potent inhibiting activities against 5-HTP(2.5 mg/kg)-induced diarrhea in mice. There are at least 3 possible mechanisms that would be responsible for the inhibitory effect of crude extracts on 5-HTP-induced diarrhea; 1) crude extract-induced inhibition of the activity of aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase catalyzing the conversion of 5-HTP to 5-HT, 2) crude extract-induced blockade of 5-HT receptor(s) in the gastrointestinal tract responsible for 5-HTP-induced diarrhea, 3) crude extract-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal activity, irrespective of 5-HT system. The exact mechanisms and molecules, responsible for the inhibitory effect of crude extracts on 5-HTP-induced diarrhea remain to be clarified.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2007

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Dochetang for the treatment of chronic diarrhea in a 4 months-old-female Korean native calf. The calf was presented to the Wow Animal Clinic, Iksan with the history of chronic diarrhea for several weeks. The feces test did not reveal the presence of the parasites or microbes causing diarrhea in calf. The blood test was also negative to the virus that causes of diarrhea in calf. Adminstration of parenteral antibiotics resulted in improvement of the condition temporarily but diarrhea was recurred again after 2-3 weeks. Then the calf was treated with Dochetang administered orally once a day in an empty stomach for 15 days. Feces was significantly reduced in moisture on 7 days after initial treatment. On 9 days after initial treatment, the calf had normal appetite and defecation in physiological conditions. Blood samples were collected before administration and on 1, 2 and 3 weeks after initial administration of Dochetang for hematology and biochemistry. A significantly differences were observed in the white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), albumin (ALB), glutamic pyrubic transaminase (GPT), inorganic phosphorus (IP) and magnesium (Mg), while no significant differences were seen in the red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT), glucose (Glu), total protein (T-pro), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine (CRE). This study suggests that Dochetang administration can be a successful alternative therapeutic agent in instead of antibiotics for the treatment of chronic diarrhea in calves.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.378-381
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• 2010

The objectives in the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite) against piglet diarrhea caused by E. coli and Salmonella. Of this study, twenty piglets (body weight, $6.60{\pm}0.34\;kg$) with diarrhea were used to estimate the efficacy of smectite on piglet diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Pigs were administered with 1 ml smectite suspension three times a day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th day after administration. Changes in body weight, diarrhea index, and shedding of E. coli and Salmonella were monitored during the experimental period. The group treated with smectite reduced diarrhea index (p < 0.01), and increased body weight compared to control group. In the treated group, the number of E. coli and Salmonella was significantly decreased compared to each control group (p < 0.01). From results of the present study, 20% smectite suspension had therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and Salmonella in piglets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1295-1304
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• 2021

Modified Renshen Wumei decoction (MRWD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for treating persistent diarrhea. However, as the mechanism by which MRWD regulates diarrhea remains unknown, we examined the protective effects of MRWD on intestinal barrier integrity in a diarrhea model. In total, 48 male rats were randomly distributed to four treatment groups: the blank group (CK group), model group (MC group), Medilac-Vita group (MV group) and Chinese herb group (MRWD group). After a 21-day experiment, serum and colon samples were assessed. The diarrhea index, pathological examination findings and change in ᴅ-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) contents illustrated that the induction of diarrhea caused intestinal injury, which was ameliorated by MV and MRWD infusion. Metabolomics analysis identified several metabolites in the serum. Some critical metabolites, such as phosphoric acid, taurine, cortisone, leukotriene B4 and calcitriol, were found to be significantly elevated by MRWD infusion. Importantly, these differences correlated with mineral absorption and metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways. Moreover, it significantly increased the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 proteins and the contents of IL-1 and TNF-α, while the expression levels of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 proteins decreased. These deleterious effects were significantly alleviated by MV and MRWD infusion. Our findings indicate that MRWD infusion helps alleviate diarrhea, possibly by maintaining electrolyte homeostasis, improving the intestinal barrier integrity, and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.619-623
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• 2018

Bovine coccidiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases affecting calf productivity. Here, we investigated the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in pre-weaned native Korean calves and determined the correlation between diarrhea and Eimeria spp. Fecal samples were collected from individual calves (288 normal and 191 diarrheic) in 6 different farms. Of the 479 samples, Eimeria oocysts were detected in 124 calves (25.9%). Five Eimeria spp. were identified; E. zuernii (18.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by E. auburnensis (12.5%), E. bovis (7.5%), E. subspherica (5.8%), and E. bukidnonensis (1.0%). A significant correlation was observed between diarrhea and mixed infection with more than 2 Eimeria spp. (odds ratio [OR]=2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-4.49; P=0.03) compared to single infection (OR=1.29; 95% CI: 0.77-2.15; P=0.33). Of the 5 Eimeria spp. identified, E. subspherica (95% CI: 1.24-5.61; P=0.01) and E. bukidnonensis (95% CI: 825.08-1,134.25; P=0.00) strongly increased the risk of diarrhea by 2.64-fold and 967.39-fold, respectively, compared to other species. Moreover, mixed infection with E. auburnensis and E. bukidnonensis was significantly associated with diarrhea (OR=2,388.48; 95% CI: 1,009.71-5,650.00; P<0.00) in pre-weaned native Korean calves. This is the first report to demonstrate the importance of E. bukidnonensis associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned native Korean calves. Further epidemiological studies should investigate the prevalence of E. bukidnonensis and the association between E. bukidnonensis and diarrhea.