• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was two folds: first, to identify the level of self care behavior of the hemodialysis patients and second, to find the correlation between the self care behavior and the physiologic indices. Method: The subjects were 52 hemodialysis patients, male and female, who have regularly received hemodialysis dialysis at the Dialysis Room in a leading teaching hospital, Seoul. The patients responded to the self care behavior questionnaires including their socio-demographic characteristics. The respondents have regularly recorded the self care log book. The physiologic indices, clinical characteristics related to the disease and hemodialysis were collected by the chart review. Result: The mean score of the self care behavior was 3.46. The mean score of the self care behavior on categories demonstrated as follows: medication 4.29, fistula management 4.13, management of physical problem 3.71, diet 3.28, exercise and rest 3.22, blood pressure and body weight management 2.97 and social adjustment 2.05 in order. Thirty patients managed discomfort of their fistula. Eleven patients took exercise for 0.5-1 hr/week. Thirty patients measured their body weight daily and thirty two measured their blood pressure daily. The score of self care behavior was significantly correlated with the mean weight gains between the dialysis sessions(r=-.312, p=.05). The mean weight gains between dialysis sessions was found to be high as the level of serum phosphorus and potassium increased(r=-.316, p=.05, r=-.465, p=.01). Conclusion: The result suggests that nursing intervention to the hemodialysis patients to improve self care behavior should be encouraged and further developed.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 1998

In order to develop a desirable in vitro release which correlates well with in vivo bioavailability, hollow type suppository containing Propranolol HCl(PPH) powder in the cavity and conventional type suppository with dispersed PPH in the base were prepared. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel as a base and PPH as a model drug were used for the preparation of suppository. The rates of drug release from the suppositories were studied by Paddle method, Muranish method, Dialysis tubing method and Rotating dialysis cell method. The release profiles from suppositories using the four different release tests were compared. After a rectal administration in rat, the mean $C_{max}$ of hollow type suppository was significantly lower than that of conventional type, but $T_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\to}12}$ and MRT of hollow type were significantly higher 1.6 times, 1.2 times and 1.9 times than those of conventional type, respectively. The computer program was used to simulate plasma concentration from in vitro released amounts of drug and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on comparison of the simulated bioavailability from computer program with experimental bioavailability in rat we have found out in vitro release test which correlates well with in vivo bioavailability. Our results have shown the best correlation between in vitro release and in vivo bioavailability in PPH-PVA hydrogel hollow type suppository for the paddle method and conventional type suppository for the rotating dialysis cell method. In this work we propose that PPH-PVA hydrogel suppository shows in vitro-in vivo correlation. This data should help to optimize the formulation of the drug and provide a basis for quality control procedures.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 1991

Peritoneal dialysis has been widely considered to be the dialytic treatment of choice for acute renal failure in infants and young children, because the technique is simple, safe and easily adapted for these patients. Also peritoneal dialysis in infants might have more effective ultrafiltration and clearance than in adults. In certain circumstances associated with hemodynamic instability, ordinary volume peritoneal dialysis(30-50 ml/kg body weight per exchange) or hemodialysis may not be suitable unfortunately. But frequent cycled, low volume, high concentration peritoneal dialysis may be more available to manage the hemodynamically untable acute renal failure of newborns and infants. Seven infants underwent peritoneal dialysis for hemodynamically unstable acute renal failure with low exchange volume($14.2{\pm}4.2ml/kg$), short exchange time(30 to 45 minutes) and hypertonic glucose solution(4.25% dextrose). Age was $1.9{\pm}1.3$ months and body weight was $4.6{\pm}1.6kg $. Etiology of acute renal failure was secondary to sepsis with or without shock(5 cases) and postcardiac operation(2 cases). Catheter was inserted percutaneously with pigtail catheter or Tenkhoff catheter by Seldinger method. Dialysate was commercially obtained Peritosol which contained sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, lactate and calcium. Net ultrafiltration(ml/min) showed no difference between low volume dialysis and control($0.27{\pm}0.09$ versus $0.29{\pm}0.09$) Blood BUN decreased from $95.7{\pm}37.5$ to $75.7{\pm}25.9mg/dl$ and blood pH increased from $7.122{\pm}0.048$ to $7.326{\pm}0.063$ after 24 hours of peritoneal dialysis. We experienced hyperglycemia which were controlled by insulin(2 episodes), leakage at the exit site(2), mild hyponatremia(1) and Escherichia coli peritonitis(1). Two children of low volume dialysis died despite the treatment. In our experience, low volume and high concentration peritoneal dialysis with frequent exchange may have sufficient ultrafiltration and clearance without significant complications in the certain risked acute renal failure of infants.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.345-349
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• 1989

This paper was attempted to investigate effect of angiotensin inhibitor (loading dose 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/kg$ and maintenance dose 12.5, 25, $50{\mu}g/kg/hr$) on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide (5 mg/kg i.v) in rabbit. The plasma concentrations of furosemide increased by angiotensin inhibitor and the relative bioavailability of furosemide increased from 118.1% to 193.2% by the inhibitor. The protein binding of furosemide decreased by angiotensin inhibitor in bovine serum albumin ($2.17\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$) by equilibrium dialysis method. Consequently, dosage regimen of furosemide might be adjusted carefully when furosemide is administered with angiotensin inhibitor.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2003

A method for separating heme-iron from hemoglobin (Hgb) hydrolysate by dialysis was developed. Recovery of heme-iron increased with increasing Hgb concentration, whereas rejection of peptide and separation effciency expressed by HP ratio (heme-iron/peptide) did not show significant differences. HP ratio increased with increases in the degree of hydrolysis of Hgb and $KH_2PO_4$ concentrations of dialysis solution. Recovery of heme-iron decreased with increase in the pH of dialysis solution due to wash-out of heme-iron across the dialysis membrane caused by increase in solubility of heme-iron. Rejections of peptide were 74.5 and 87.5% (2 and 5 kDa of cut off size, respectively), whereas recovery of heme-iron decreased from 86.5 (2 kDa) to 63.1% (25 kDa). Amounts of heme-iron and peptide of dried heme-iron product were 21.7 and 77.0%, and HP ratio and production yield were 28.2 and 6.5%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.313-323
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• 1998

This study was a descriptive research on the level of self-care available to continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (hereinafter referred to as 'CAPD patient') related to the specific area of infection management. The method employed for the collection of data was a modified instrument of the self-care survey essentially based on Young Sook Choi's instrument. The relevant data was collected from september 1, 1996 to september 30, 1996. The subjects were provided with an open-ended question regarding the reasons behind why they did not seek self-care. The answers provided about self-care compliance were analyzed by SPSS for frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA. Reasons for non-compliance were analyzed by content analysis. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The percentage of patients engaging in self-care were according to the following self performed tasks : preparation of dialysis : 30.58 points Dialysate exchange procedures : 49.40 points - Two bag type : 50.50 points - Spike type : 48.80 points - Neo type : 48.90 points Catheter exit site care : 25.13 points More specifically, in relation to the preparation of dialysis as referred to above, those patients engaging in self care was relatively high with respect to the cleaning of the dialysis before use and for the preservation of peritosol. However, in dialysate exchange procedures, data revealed that those patients engaging in self-care are relatively low with respect to putting on a mask during the performance of peritosol exchange. Similary in peritosol exchange procedure and catheter exit care, low levels of self-care performance were found in the area of putting on a mask during the peritosol exchange procedures and catheter line testing procedures, respectively. 2. In general characteristics, there appeared to be no distinction in self-care compliance among CAPD patients. 3. The main reasons for non-compliance were based in the following factor : intellectual, attitude, enviromental surrounding and physical. As a result of the foregoing finding, nurses should provide adequate assistance to promote self-care compliance by CAPD patients by checking the preparation of dialysis, dialysate exchange procedure, and catheter exit site care which recieved low point in this research.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.689-695
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• 1996

In order to prove physiological function of ${\beta}-Glucan$ isolated from barley flour by enzymatic method, in vitro experiments simulating the passive membrane transport of gastrointestinal tract were carried out using dialysis membrane. The yield of ${\beta}-Glucan$ from barley flour was $6.2{\%}$ and its constituents were determined to give $81.6{\%}$ total dietary fiber, $72.9{\%}$ soluble dietary fiber, $8.7{\%}$ insoluble dietary fiber, $8.5{\%}$ moisture, $2.5{\%}$ protein and $7.4{\%}$ ash. The water holding capacity of the ${\beta}-Glucan$ preparation was 6 g water/g dry material. The glucose retardation index after 30 minute dialysis was $13.5{\%}$ in the presence of $3{\%}$ ${\beta}-Glucan$. As the dialysis period became longer, the retarding effect toward glucose absorption decreased and the effect was close to zero after 2 hour dialysis. The bile acid retardation index after 30 minute dialysis was 3, 12 and $18{\%}$ in the presence of 1, 3 and $5{\%}$ ${\beta}-Glucan$, respectively. The effect was higher than the glucose retardation index and decreased as the dialysis time elapsed.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.94-112
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of life (QOL) of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) between patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) and patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to compare personal characteristic factors relating to the quality of life in patients with ESRD. Method: This study used a descriptive research design. The sample was recruited using purposive sampling that included 76 ESRD patients receiving either HD or CAPD at a dialysis clinic in Phraphutthabat Hospital, Saraburi Province, Thailand. Data was collected using the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Chronic Kidney Disease ($KDQOL-SF^{TM}$) version 1.3. Independent t-test and ANOVA procedures were used to analyze study data. Results: The results revealed that the HD patients had a moderate level of QOL. The highest scoring dimension of QOL was the encouragement of staff at the dialysis unit and patient satisfaction with the treatment (${\bar{X}}=100$, SD=.00), followed by social support (${\bar{X}}=89.29$, SD =16.88) and cognitive function (${\bar{X}}=88.57$, SD=11.82). On the other hand, the lowest scoring QOL dimension was physical problems (${\bar{X}}=50$, SD=51.89), and pain (${\bar{X}}=50$, SD=39.03), followed by work status (${\bar{X}}=53.57$, SD=45.84) and burden from kidney disease (${\bar{X}}=58.48$, SD=31.07). The CAPD patients also had a moderate QOL. The highest scoring QOL dimension was the encouragement of staff in the renal unit and patient satisfaction with the treatment (${\bar{X}}=100$, SD=.00), followed by social support (${\bar{X}}=95.61$, SD=14.20) and cognitive function (${\bar{X}}=88.83$, SD=13.52). The worst scoring QOL dimensions were work status (${\bar{X}}=44.44$, SD=42.72), general health (${\bar{X}}=53.61$, SD=39.05), and pain (${\bar{X}}=62.70$, SD=41.14). The difference overall and in each dimension of QOL in ESRD patients who were treated with HD and CAPD was not statistically significantly different. The QOL was not significantly different among patients with different personal characteristics except for income and duration of treatment; in those cases, the difference in QOL was statistically significant (p=.05). Conclusion: The overall QOL and life expectancy of patients with ESRD treated with HD and CAPD are not affected by gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, or type of health coverage. QOL was not significantly different, except for patients with different incomes and duration of renal replacement therapy, whose QOL was significantly different. The QOL of patients receiving dialysis should be studied to develop a QOL program for patients with chronic kidney disease who receive dialysis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1592-1605
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion-fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results: The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH₃-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion: Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.