• BMB Reports
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2024

The fatty acids content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil is 80-90% ricinoleic acid, which is a hydroxy fatty acid (HFA). The structures and functional groups of HFAs are different from those of common fatty acids and are useful for various industrial applications. However, castor seeds contain the toxin ricin and an allergenic protein, which limit their cultivation. Accordingly, many researchers are conducting studies to enhance the production of HFAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant for oil crops. Oleate 12-hydroxylase from castor (RcFAH12), which synthesizes HFA (18:1-OH), was transformed into an Arabidopsis fae1 mutant, resulting in the CL37 line producing a maximum of 17% HFA content. In addition, castor phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-2 (RcPDAT1-2), which catalyzes the production of triacylglycerol by transferring HFA from phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol, was transformed into the CL37 line to develop a P327 line that produces 25% HFA. In this study, we investigated changes in HFA content when endogenous Arabidopsis PDAT1 (AtPDAT1) of the P327 line was edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The successful mutation resulted in three independent lines with different mutation patterns, which were transmitted until the T4 generation. Fatty acid analysis of the seeds showed that HFA content decreased in all three mutant lines. These findings indicate that AtPDAT1 as well as RcPDAT1-2 in the P327 line are involved in transferring and increasing HFAs to triacylglycerol.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 1994

들깨 종자 발아가 들기름의 산화안정성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 햇들깨와 묵은들깨를 $28^{\circ}C$에서 $2{\sim}3$일간 발아시켜 각각의 들깨와 발아들깨로부터 들기름을 추출한 후 이들 4종류의 들기름의 화학적 조성의 변화를 검토하였다. 들기름의 종류에 따라 요오드가와 검화가에서는 커다란 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 산가의 경우 햇들깨와 묵은들깨 모두 발아들깨에서 추출한 들기름이 들깨에서 추출한 들기름보다 높았다. 중성지방질의 조성에서는 발아에 의해 triacylglycerol 함량은 감소하는 반면 유리 지방산과 diacylglycerol 함량은 증가하였다. 극성지방질중 phosphatidyl ethanolamine의 함량이 햇들깨와 묵은들깨 모두 발아에 의해 현저히 증가하였다. 들기름의 총 tocopherol 함량은 $439{\sim}560\;ppm$으로 햇들깨와 묵은들깨 모두 발아에 의해 그 함량이 증가하였으며, 특히 ${\gamma}-tocopherol$의 함량이 현저히 증가하였다. 각 들기름의 산화안정성 차이는 햇들깨에서 추출한 들기름이 묵은들깨에서 추출한 들기름보다 4배 이상 산화안정성이 높았으며 발아에 의해 묵은들깨의 경우는 산화안정성이 2배 정도 증가하였으나 햇들깨의 경우는 약간 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.803-809
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• 2004

본 실험에서는 DG, MG를 함유한 기능성 유지를 합성하기 위해 lipase(IM 60)를 이용하여 현미유와 글라이세롤을 회분식 교반기에서 glycerolysis화 반응을 하였다. 합성한 기능성 유지와 현미유의 이화학적, 영양학적 특성 을 비교하기 위해 지방산 조성, 기능성 물질 함량 및 동물 식이 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 기능성 유지는 DG(46.19%), MG(11.15%)와 7G(41.71%) 그러고 미량의 자유 지방산으로 구성되어 있었으며, 지방산 조성은 현미유와 흡사하였다. 비검화 물질함량 또한 현미유와 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 주요물질로써 Phytosterol(2.04$\pm$0.17 mg/g), ${\gamma}$-oryzano1(1.06$\pm$0.04 mg/g), $\alpha$ -tocopherol(0.13$\pm$0.04 mg/g)이 검출되었다. 동물 식이실험 에서는 기능성 유지와 현미유 식이군이 ACAT activity를 저해하였으며, HCHF 식이군과 옥수수유 식이군 보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타낮다(p<0.05). 간과 지방 조직의 지방산 조성은 기능성 유지를 비롯한 모든 식이군에서 oleic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.112-121
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• 1996

The study was designed to observe the effect of blend fat calculated from the foods consumed in Korean with those of perilla oil, beef tallow and corn oil on colonic mucosal phospholipid fatty acid composition and the levels of TXB2 and diacylglycerol (DAG) which were known as biomarkers for cancer. Male Sprague Dawley rats, at 7 weeks of age, were divided into control and 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated group, and each group was subdivided into four groups. The experimental diets contained one of four dietary fats, blend fat (BF), perilla oil(PO), beef tallow (BT) or corn oil (CO), at 15% (w/w) level. At the same time, each rat was injected with saline for control group or DMH twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of 180mg/kg body weight. DMH injection, regardless of the type of dietary fats, significantly increased the levels of PGE2 and TXB2 in colonic mucosal layer compared to control (p<0.01). However, the level of eicosanoids was influenced by the types of dietary fats in both control and DMH group. In control groups, colonic mucosal level of TXB2 was higher in beef tallow group, but lower in perilla oil group compared to that of blend fat (p<0.01). In DMH groups, the level of TXB2 was higher in beef tallow and corn oil groups(p<0.05). The level of PGE2 showed the same trends with TXB2 and beef tallow most significantly increased the level of PGE2. DMH treatment did not influence on tissue fatty acid profile, which was directly reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. Proportions of C18 : 2 in colonic mucosal phospholipid well reflected dietary level of C18 : 2 showing the order CO>BF>PO>BT. The precentage of arachidonic acid(AA) in mucosal phospholipid was the highest by CO adn BT groups and the lowest by PO group. The incorporation of $\alpha$-linolenic acid in colonic mucosal phospholipid in perilla oil group was negatively correlated to the content of AA. Dietary level of C18 : 2 might not be the only controlling factor for the production of eicosanoids in colonic mucosa layer and might function with $\omega$3 fatty acids. The level of DAG was significanlty lower in PO group than that of BT group. Therefore, $\omega$3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid rich perilla oil could be very important dietary sourec in controlling eicosanoid production DAG level in cloln and recommenced to use more often in meal preparation to reduce the risk factor against colon cancer.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.242-252
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• 2012

Seed storage oils are essential resources for not only human and animal diets but also industrial applications. The primary goal of this study was to increase seed oil content through comparative analysis of two seed-specific promoters, AtFAE1 from Arabidopsis Fatty Acid Elongase 1 gene and BnNapin from Brassica napus seed storage protein gene. AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 genes encoding an AP2-type transcription factor and a Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 enzyme, respectively, were expressed under the control of AtFAE1 and BnNapin promoters in Arabidopsis. The total seed oil content in all transgenic plants was increased by 8-11% compared with wild-type seeds. The increased level of oil content in AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 transgenic lines under the control of both promoters was similar, although the activity of the BnNapin promoter is much stronger than that of AtFAE1 promoter in the mature stage of developing seeds where storage oil biosynthesis occurs at a maximum rate. This result demonstrates that the AtFAE1 promoter as well as the BnNapin promoter can be used to increase the seed oil content in transgenic plants.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

홍국쌀을 $35^{\circ}C$, 175 rpm에서 80% ethanol을 이용하여 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24시간 단위로 개별적으로 에탄올 추출한 결과, 1시간(yield, 1.203%) 이후의 추출 시간 증가는 추출율의 증가에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 1시간 추출한 홍국쌀 에탄올 추출물을 각각 600(A), 1200(B), 1800(C), 2280(D) ppm 함유하는 기능성 유지를 제조하였다. 기능성 유지의 색도는 추출물의 함유 농도가 높아짐에 따라 $L^*$ 값이 유의적으로 감소되며, $a^*$ 값 및 $b^*$ 값은 유의적으로 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 기능성 유지의 monacolin K 및 총 페놀 함량은 추출물 첨가량의 증가에 따라 유의적으로 증가되는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). Rancimat$(98^{\circ}C)$ 분석을 실시한 결과, 기능성 유지의 induction time이 각각 control(4.3 hr), A(3.2 hr), B(2.6 hr), C(2.4 hr), D(2.2 hr)로 추출물 첨가 농도의 증가에 따라 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내어 산화 안정성의 보강이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 전자코에 의해 얻어진 각 시료의 센서의 감응도$({\Delta}R/R_0)$를 이용한 주성분분석 및 MANOVA 분석 결과, 제1주성분 기여율은 99.66%로 분석되었으며 함유된 추출물의 함량 증가에 따라 각각 차별적인 향 패턴(odor difference)을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. SPME-GC/MS에 의한 휘발성분 분석 결과, 기능성 유지에서 홍국쌀 에탄올 추출물로부터 기인되는 특유의 휘발성분은 관찰되지 않았으나, RT=12.1 min인 hexanal의 함량이 control에 비하여 유의적인 감소 경향을 나타내는 것이 확인되었다(p<0.05).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1617-1627
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• 2017

Dietary approaches using structured lipids, including medium-chain fatty acids and diacylglycerols, have been adopted for the prevention of obesity-induced chronic inflammation. In an extension to previous studies, medium-chain fatty acid-diacylglycerol enriched dietary oil (MCDG) was prepared by interesterification of canola oil and medium-chain fatty acid-triacylglycerols. The consequent MCDG product was applied to RAW264.7 macrophages followed by the assessment of multiple inflammatory responses. Compared with conventionally used canola and olive oil controls, MCDG suppressed macrophage phagocytosis, as assessed by the uptake of microsphere beads. Furthermore, the production of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, transcription of COX-2 and iNOS, and expression of CD80 on cell surfaces were downregulated by MCDG in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Subsequently, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated for proinflammatory cytokine production and lipid accumulation. IL-6 production was marginally affected and lipid accumulation was inhibited by MCDG. Taken together, these results suggest that MCDG has potential as an alternative oil for cooking in order to prevent obesity-induced inflammation.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2004

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary 1,3-diacylglycerol (DG) compared to conventional triacylglycerol (TG) oil on the postprandial response of total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA). This study was conducted using a cross-over design. Ninety subjects participated in the high-fat meal tolerance test where they were randomly assigned to consume two experimental sandwiches containing mayonnaise with TG or DG oil with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected before ingestion and at 2, 3, 4 and 6 hr time point after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, FFA and phospholipid fatty acid composition. Both TG and DG ingestion had similar effects on postprandial TG response, but a different response from chylomicron TG. Compared with the TG group, TG levels were significantly lower only at 6 hr time point in the DG group. On the other hand, chylomicron TG rose steeply at 2 hr time point and decreased faster in this group. Also, the adjusted value to fasting levels was the same as the unadjusted level. Fasting levels and net differences in insulin were significantly lower at 3 hr time point where chylomicron TG levels were significantly lower in the DG group. But those of glucose and FFA in the TG and DG groups did not differ significantly. Fasting and postprandial levels of fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids in the two groups did not differ significantly. In conclusion, this study indicated that one could reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia without influencing glucose metabolism by consumning DG oil as a substitute for TG oil. Based on the correlation of coronary artery disease and postprandial lipemia, dietary DG ingestion might have a beneficial effect in treating such a disease. Further studies are required to clarify the long-tenn effects of dietary DG on blood lipid levels in humans.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1059-1063
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• 2005

조류(microalgae, from Schizochytrium sp.)로부터 DHA가 풍부하고 이취가 적은 지질을 획득하고 이를 옥수수유와 기질로 이용, Lipozyme IM(from Rhizomucor miehei) 촉매하에 TAG형태로 합성된 재구성지질(SL)을 이용하여, 효소적 glycerolysis반응에 의해 DAG와 MAG함유 기능성 유지를 생성하였다. Normal-phase HPLC 분석 결과, 48시간 동안 합성 된 DAG와 MAG의 함량은 각각 33.6과 $18.7\%$이었으며, 지방산 분석 결과에서 DHA는 각각 10.7과 $8.1 mol\%$의 함량을 보였다. 합성에 있어서 2에서 48시간에 따라 생성되는 DAG와 MAG의 함량 변화를 분석한 결과, 반응 시간 증가에 따라 그 생성량도 증가하는 경향을 보였고, ${\alpha},\;{\gamma}$ 및 $\delta-tocopherol$의 총 함량은 반응시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.584-589
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• 2005

지방산 TAG 분자의 sn-1,3 위치에서 특이적으로 반응하는 Lipozyme RM IM(from Rhizomucor meihei)을 촉매로 이용, 비용매계(solvent-free system)조건에서 glycerolysis를 통하여 조류유(from Schizochytrium sp.)와 대두유로부터 DAG, MAG 함유 기능성 유지를 합성하였다. 합성된 유지는 DHA(16.0mol%)와 linoleic acid(32.4mol%), palmitic acid(18.2 mol%), oleic acid (14.0mol%), EPA(6.7mol%) 및 myristic acid(4.9mol%) 등을 함유하고 있었으며, 유지 내 TAG 분자의 sn-2 위치에는 DHA(21.0 mol%)와 linoleic acid(29.2 mol%)가 높은 분포로 함유되어 있었다. 48시간의 효소 반응 후 DAG의 지방산 조성은 DHA(13.3mol%)와 linoleic acid(34.3 mol%), palmitic acid(20.0 mol%), oleic acid(13.2mol%), myristic acid(5.8mol%) 및 EPA(5.5 mol%) 등으로 조사되었고, MAG의 경우는 DHA(8.6mol%)와 linoleic acid(34.0mol%), palmitic acid(23.9mol%), oleic acid (15.1mol%) 및 EPA(4.1mol%) 등으로 분석되었다. 효소적 glycerolysis 반응 완료(48hr) 후 총 지질 내 약 60%의 DAG 및 MAG 함유하는 기능성 유지는 19.2area%의 1,3-DAG와 22.2 area%의 1,2-DAG, 16.0area%의 MAG 및 TAG(42.3area%), FFA(0.2area%)와 같은 중성 지질로 구성되어 있었다. 이러한 기능성 유지의 요오드가는 208.8, 비누화가는 179.6으로 측정되었으며, 산가(조류유, 대두유; <0.3)는 3.4이하를 나타내어 합성 중 생성, 잔류 가능한 유리 지방산 제거(산가 저하)를 위한 정제 과정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 기능성 유지는 Hunter $L^*(+/-,\;lightness/darkness;\;77.9),\;a^*(+/-,\;redness/greenness;\;15.9)$ 및 $b^*(+/-,\;yellowness/blueness;\;54.6)$와 같은 색도를 나타내었다.