• Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

This paper makes a quantitative analysis of the diachronic evolution of ancient Chinese vocabulary by constructing and counting a large-scale rough annotated corpus. The texts from Si Ku Quan Shu (a collection of Chinese ancient books) are automatically segmented to obtain ancient Chinese vocabulary with time information, which is used to the statistics on word frequency, standardized type/token ratio and proportion of monosyllabic words and dissyllabic words. Through data analysis, this study has the following four findings. Firstly, the high-frequency words in ancient Chinese are stable to a certain extent. Secondly, there is no obvious dissyllabic trend in ancient Chinese vocabulary. Moreover, the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 AD) and Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) are probably the two periods with the most abundant vocabulary in ancient Chinese. Finally, the unique words with high frequency in each dynasty are mainly official titles with real power. These findings break away from qualitative methods used in traditional researches on Chinese language history and instead uses quantitative methods to draw macroscopic conclusions from large-scale corpus.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.3
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• pp.123-139
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• 1997

This paper describes the evolution of the infinitive in terms of its progressive formal and semantic grammaticization, using the German infinitive as an example. It is shown that the infinitive has its diachronic origin in a nominal purposive form and that the grammaticization of a purposive form to an infinitive is a widespread phenomenon in the languages of the world. This original function of the infinitive is important for understanding its nature, and the most interesting syntactic property of infinitive, the absence of an explicit subject, can be shown to follow from it. Finally, this paper shows that the diachronic process of the grammaticization of a purposive form is even more general, occurring also in the case of purposive markers in finite clauses.

• 중국학논총
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• no.65
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• pp.83-99
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• 2020

现代汉语中的"睡觉"来源于古汉语中的"睡觉", 但两者的词义完全相反, 構词法上也存在着差别。本文从历时角度看, "睡觉"词义演变的脉络, 并且探究"睡醒"义與"进入睡眠状态"义的渐进变化。古汉语中的"觉"和"睡觉"的最早词义为"寤(睡醒)"。大约中唐时期"睡醒"义的"觉"衍化出了作量词的"睡眠单位"义和作名词的"睡眠状态"义。而且具有"睡眠行为"的动宾式離合词"睡觉"的产生, 就是动词"睡"和名词"觉"重新组合的结果。表"寤"义的"觉"和从此义演变出来的表"睡眠单位"和"睡眠状态"之"觉"的读音, 原本都是"古孝切", 宋代为区别词义, ""寤"义的"觉"改读为"古岳切"。"睡觉"一词具有"睡醒"和"进入睡眠状态"两个义位, "睡醒"义的"睡觉"是一個由反义词素粘合而成的偏义複词, 其义偏在後, 它是直接用语法造词法所造成的词, 大约出现在东晋时代。"进入睡眠状态"义的"睡觉"是动宾離合词, 大约出现在宋代, 廣泛流行于明代以後。最後, "睡醒"一词的出现及使用频率的增加, 使"睡觉"一词只保留"进入睡眠状态"的单一意义。

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.76-89
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• 2004

Recent studies of science and technology "in-the-making" revealed that the process of designing material artifacts is not a straightforward application of prior images or theories by one (or more) person(s) isolated from his or her (their) environment. Rather, designing is a process contingent on the social and material setting for both engineering designers and students. Over the past decade, designing technological artifacts has emerged as an important learning environment in science classrooms. Through the analyses of a large database concerning an innovative simple machines curriculum for sixth-and seventh-grade students, we accumulated valid evidence for the nature of the designing process and science learning through it. In this paper, we show that design actions intertwine with the transformation of the objectified raw materials and artifact, the designer collective, and the mediating tools enabling that transformation, which constitute the elements of an activity from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory. We conceptualize the continuous change of relation between material artifacts, designers, and tools throughout the design activity as co-evolution. Two episodes were selected to exemplify synchronic and diachronic change of relations inherent in co-evolving activity system. Finally, we discuss the implications of co-evolution during design activity for science learning.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-125
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• 2021

This paper deals with figurative meanings of Haewon-sangsaeng. It is an investigation which is both semantic and diachronic. In the first part, important implications of sangsaeng (or xiangsheng in Chinese) in the context of correlative cosmology are extensively explored. Among others, saeng (in Chinese sheng) as a powerful metaphor and its related Chinese compounds are broadly discussed. In the second part, the evolution of ideas of yuan (or won in Korean) in Chinese history is explicated. Above all, in the traditional Chinese cultural milieu, wrongful treatments which make victims feel themselves aggrieved are socio-politically orientated. The Scripture on Great Peace (Taiping Jing) is used as reference point to elucidate the essential points of yuan and its knots. However, the advent of Buddhism in East Asia adds a new dimension to the understanding of yuan (won). Accumulated yuan as karmic bond thus gives a new identity of yuan as predetermined animosity. Widely recognized idioms like "adverse relatives and karmic debtors" and indigenous Chinese Buddhist rituals like Repentance Ritual of the Emperor Liang bear witness to this transformation of the meaning of yuan in East Asia. The fruitful yet correlated meanings of yuan also make the endeavor of untying yuan deeply significant and important to human society. Haewon-sangsaeng, as a religio-ethical ideal, brings out an amicable and harmonious relationship among myriad beings in the cosmos.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.901-915
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• 2012

This study comparatively analyzes the characteristics, changes, and differences in class-based costume typology according to a concept of $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century common people in France. The methods and contents are as follow. First, the scope of common people is grasped according to the historical background and a concept of $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century common people in France. Second, through considering a prior research on analyzing the data of ancient documents on the economy of clothing, it classifies common people into bourgeoisie, urban common people, rural common people, and the destitute. It then examines diachronic evolution, and class-based synchronic difference in the consumption of $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century common people's costumes in France. Third, it analyzes the appearance frequency by period according to type of common people's costumes, which were shown in pictorial materials with 283 sheets of engravings and 54 pieces of paintings; in addition, it reconstructs the succession and expansion in typology. It grasps differences and changes in morphology by class, space, and period of typology for common people's costumes. Common people's consumption of costumes was understood to have grown in qualitative aspects as well as a rise in the whole clothing demand. A class-based structure formed and indicated that a fashion cycle existed. As a result of analyzing common people's clothes (shown in pictorial materials of the $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century) 41 items were grasped by gender and according to costume kind. Typology in common people's costumes (classified into bourgeoisie, urban common people, rural common people, and the destitute) showed a change by period. A change in typical costume typology was accepted more by the bourgeoisie than by urban and rural common people, and was accepted more by rural communities than by urban populations. Thus, a difference was formed through an expansion with a temporal difference that depended on class and space.