• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2011

It has been shown that some opium derivatives promote cell death via apoptosis. This study was designed to examine the influence of opium addiction on brain and liver cells apoptosis in male and female diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats. This experimental study was performed on normal, opium-addicted, diabetic and diabetic opium-addicted male and female rats. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays. Results of this study showed that apoptosis in opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted brain and liver cells were significantly higher than the both normal and diabetic rats. In addition, we found that apoptosis in brain cells of opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted male rats were significantly higher than opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted female, whereas apoptosis in liver cells of opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted female rats were significantly higher than opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted male. Overall, these results indicate that opium probably plays an important role in brain and liver cells apoptosis, therefore, leading neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. These findings also in away possibly means that male brain cells are more susceptible than female and interestingly liver of females are more sensitive than males in induction of apoptosis by opium.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

DM is a systemic disease with many complications. One of them, diabetic osteopenia is important sequelae and many authors reported reduced bone mass in diabetic rats. However, in mandible, study has been rare because of its anatomical limits. So the objective of this study was to investigate bony change in mandible of diabetic rats. Thirty-two adult rats were used in this study. Half of them were male and female respectively. In sixteen rats, streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally to induce DM and the serum glucose concentration was checked to ensure the induction of DM prior to the time of sacrifice. At 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16weeks, control group and diabetic group rats were sacrificed respectively. And then bone mineral density of mandibles and femurs of the rats was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). In addition serum osteocalcin and urine deoxypyridinoline were measured as markers of bone formation and resoption respectively. Mandibular and femoral bone density in streptozotocin induced rats was decreased with significance statistically after 4 weeks from injection. In mandible, comparing with femur, bone density was moderately decreased. The alveolar bone in mandible was more decreased bone density than the whole body in the mandible From these results, bone mineral density decreased in uncontrolled diabetic group with time, and especially alveolar bone was more destructive in the mandible. So authors think that consideration of reduced bone mineral density is necessary in dental procedure.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.284-289
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• 2002

동의보감에서 소갈증에 응용되는 옥천산 분말이 당뇨 암쥐의 혈당, 혈청과 간의 지질 및 단백질 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자, 평균체중 313.6$\pm$18.5 g되는 Spraque-Dawley계 암쥐를 정상군, 당뇨 대조군 및 당뇨 옥천산군 등 3군으로 나누어 각 실험식 이로 5주간 사육한 결과는 다음과 같다. 5주간 체중변화는 정상군은 3.5 g 증가하였으나, 당뇨 대조군과 당뇨 옥천산군은 당뇨로 인한 대사장애로 각각 97.8 g과 99.1 g씩 체중이 감소되었다. 췌장의 무게는 정상군에 비하여 당뇨 대조군은 유의하게 증가되었으나 당뇨 옥천산 군은 정상군과 비슷하였다. 비장의 무게는 정상군에 비하여 당뇨 대조군과 당뇨 옥천산군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈청의 중성지질, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테를 및 간의 콜레스테를 농도는 당뇨 옥천산군이 당뇨 대조군보다 유의하게 감소되어 정상군과 비슷한 수준을 보였다. HDL-콜레스테를 농도와 HDL-콜레스테롤/총 콜레스테롤의 비율은 정상군과 당뇨 실험군들이 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 동맥경화지수 및 혈당량은 정상군에 비하여 당뇨 실험군들이 증가하였다. 간의 총 지질 및 중성지질 농도는 정상군에 비하여 당뇨 대조군과 당뇨 옥천산군이 유의하게 감소되었다. 혈청의 단백질과 알부민 농도는 정상군에 비하여 당뇨 대조군과 당뇨 옥천산군이 유의하게 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 당뇨 쥐에 옥천산 분말이 혈당 및 동맥경화지수를 낮추는 효과는 없었으나, 혈청의 중성지질, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테를 및 간의 콜레스테를 농도를 낮추는 효과가 나타났다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2001년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.215.2-215
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• 2001

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.661-668
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• 2002

본 연구는 발효홍차가 당뇨 암쥐의 성장률, 혈청 및 간의 지질 농도, 단백질 농도 및 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자, 평균체중 155.5$\pm$9.3 g 전후되는 Sprague- Dawley계 암쥐에 음료수를 급여한 정상군, 당뇨대조군 및 당뇨발효홍차군은 음료수에 발효흥차를 20%와 40%씩 혼합한 군 등 4군으로 나누어 각 실험음료로 2주간 사육한 다음, streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발시키고 계속 5주간 각 실험음료로 사육하였다. 체중의 변화는 당뇨유발 전 2주간 체중 증가는 대조군과 각 농도별 발효홍차 급여군이 비슷하여 발효홍차가 성장률에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 당뇨유발후 5주간의 체중변화는 정상군 48.3 g증가에 비하여 당뇨대조군과 각 농도별 당뇨발효홍차군은 당뇨로 인한 대사장애로 6.8~7.1 g으로 증가율이 낮았다. 공복시 혈당량은 당뇨대조군과 당뇨발효홍차군이 비슷한 경향으로 혈당량을 낮추지는 못하였다. 간, 신장 및 췌장의 무게는 당뇨대조군과 각 수준의 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다. 그러나 간과 신장의 무게는 정상군 보다 당뇨 실험군들이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 췌장의 무게는 정상군보다 당뇨실헌군들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈청의 중성지질 농도는 40% 당뇨발효홍차군에서, LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 20% 당뇨발효홍차군이 당뇨대조군 보다 유의하게 감소되었다. 혈청의 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤 및 인지질 농도, HDL-콜레스테롤/총 콜레스테롤 비율 및 동맥경화지수는 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다. 간의 콜레스테롤 농도는 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였으나, 중성지질 농도는 당뇨대조군에 비하여 당뇨발효홍차군들이 유의하게 감소되었고, 인지질 농도는 40% 당뇨발효홍차군에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 혈청의 총 단백질과 알부민 및 간의 단백질 농도, 혈청의 alkaline phosphatase, GOT 및 GPT 활성은 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2000년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.207.3-208
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• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

Single and repeated-dose toxicity of anti-diabetic herb extract microcapsule (ADHEM) were evaluated according to Toxicity Test Guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats. For single-dose toxicity test, kneading ADHEM with sterilized water were administered orally once at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg and examined for 14 days. No dead animals, clinical signs and abnormal necropsy findings were observed and also no significant difference in body weights was found. Therefore, the $LD_{50}$ of ADHEM was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats. For repeated-dose toxicity test, ADHEM were mixed with powder fodder and administerd orally for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day. No dead animals, clinical signs and significant difference in body weights were found. In hematology and serum biochemistry, all values were included within the normal ranges. In relative organ weights, kidney or liver were significantly increased in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day male groups, uterus was significantly increased in the 500 mg/kg/day female group and left adrenal glands were significantly decreased in the 2000 mg/kg/day female group. In histopathological examinations, vacuolation and microgranuloma in the liver, chronic progressive nephropathy and inflammation in the kidney were observed in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day both male and female groups. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ADHEM was considered to be lower than 500 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.786-793
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• 2004

Women with menopause or rats with ovariectomy is associated with increased body weight, body fat and insulin resistance, which are components of metabolic syndrome. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome after menopause might be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, since mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylation activity is strongly correlated with insulin sensitivity. Although estradiol replacement prevents the metabolic syndrome, harmful effect of estradiol hampers the casual usage to prevent the metabolic syndrome. It has been reported that genistein has a mild estrogenic activity, decreases fat mass in mice and has an antidiabetic role in diabetic rats. Although insulin resistance is closely related to mitochondrial functions, there has not been yet any study in regard to the effect of dietary genistein on mitochondrial function in the insulin resistant female subjects induced by ovariectomy or similar situation. The present study investigated whether the supplementation of genistein in the high fat diet affected the mitochondrial function of high fat fed ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were assigned to the following groups: sham-operated+ high fat diet (S, n=6); sham-operated + high fat diet with 0.1% genistein (S + G, n=7); ovariectomized + high fat diet (OVX, n=8); ovariectomized + high fat diet with 0.1% genistein (OVX+ G, n=8). Ovariectomy significantly increased body weight compared with S group. Genistein consumption in ovariectomized (OVX + G) rats decreased body weight gain compared with OVX rats. Liver weights were increased by ovariectomy. The hepatic mitochondrial protein density expressed as mg per g liver was lower in the OVX group than in the S group. However, OVX + G group showed the increased mitochondrial protein density similar to the level of S group. When mRNA levels of genes related to mitochondria such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator 1 (PGC-1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX III) were measured, there were decreases in the mRNA levels of PGC-1 and COX III in S + G, OVX and OVX + G group. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase was not different between groups. We could observe the decrease in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity per g liver in OVX rats. Genistein supplement increased SDH activity. In conclusion, genistein supplementation to the OVX rats enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial protein density and SDH activity. The improvement in mitochondrial function by genistein can contribute to the improvement in metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.551-560
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• 2010

본 연구는 오디를 사용하여 제조된 오디침출주, 오디식초의 당뇨조건에서 혈당과 지질 상태 및 체내 과산화상태에 관한 효과를 조사하고자 시도되었다. 오디침출주는 생오디를 분쇄하여 30% 에탄올을 첨가하여 숙성 제조하였으며 오디발효주와 오디식초는 오디추출액에 설탕을 첨가한 후 효모를 이용하여 발효시켜 오디발효주를 제조하고 이 발효주에 초산균을 접종하여 오디식초를 제조하였다. 상기의 생리기능을 조사하고자 시행한 식이실험재료는 제조된 오디 침출주, 발효주 및 식초의 동결건조 분말과 생오디를 동결 건조한 오디분말로 4종류였다. 실험동물로는 Sprague-Dawley 암쥐로 체중이 $150{\pm}10\;g$ 정도 되었을 때 1군의 정상군과 5군의 당뇨균으로 나누고 당뇨군들은 복강으로 streptozotocin (50 mg/kg bw)을 투여하여 당뇨를 유발하였다. 당뇨가 유발된 군들은 당뇨대조군 (DM-Control), 오디분말군 (M-Powder), 오디침출주 (M-Liquor), 오디발효주(M-Wine) 및 오디식초 (M-Vinegar)군으로 다시 나눈 뒤 오디분말군에게는 분말을 식이의 5%, 침출주, 발효주, 식초군에게는 각기 동결건조한 분말을 식이의 1%로 첨가한 식이를 제공하여 24일간 사육하였다. 실험식이 시작 후 21일 동안 추적한 혈당은 오디침출주군이 당뇨대조군에 비하여 지속적으로 낮게 유지하였으며 다른 오디군들은 식이 13일 전후로만 유의하게 낮았다. 그러나 식이 종료 후 측정한 혈청 인슐린은 오디침출주 뿐 아니라 오디식초군에서도 당뇨대조군에 비하여 높았다. 혈청 콜레스테롤과 중성지방도 오디침출주에서 유의하게 낮았으나 HDL-/총콜레스테롤 비율은 모든 오디군에서 증가하였다. 혈청 TBARS 수준은 실험군 간에 차이가 없었으나 간조직 TBARS는 모든 오디군들에서 낮았고 혈청 GOT, GPT, BUN 수준은 오디시료 섭취로 변화가 없었다. 이 결과로서 본 실험에서 사용한 오디제품들은 간 손상을 미치지 않고 오디침출주가 당뇨상태에서 당 및 지질대사 개선 효과가 높다고 생각되며 모든 오디제품은 항산화 효능이 높아 본격적인 제품화가 기대된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.474-485
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• 2013

Pharmacological studies and clinical practices have indicated that Radix Astragali, a dried root of Astragalus membranaceus possesses a lot of biological activities, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, tonic, diuretic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunological activities. These biological activities approved by the modern pharmacological studies are mainly due to the constituents of Astragalus membranaceus including polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, and trace elements. In resent, the main constituents in the root part showing a lot of biological activities has been isolated also from the aboveground parts such as leaves and sprouts in our laboratory. However, the safety evaluation for the aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus should be checked before expanding their application as one of food. In the study, a 90-day rat oral gavage study has been conducted with the extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-above-ground parts at doses of 1000, 3000, and 5000mg/kg/day. The following endpoints were evaluated: clinical observations, body weight, gross and microscopic pathology, clinical chemistry, and hematology. Based on the analysis of these endpoints, it was estimated that NOEL (no observed effect level) for male rats and NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for female rats are 5000mg/kg/day of the water-extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts.