• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2001

Blood and urine mercury level of three workers were monitored during 60~80 days after high exposure to mercury at the silver refining plant. Mercury was used to form silver-mercury amalgam from plating sludge. Workers were exposed to mercury about 70 days at the several processes, such as hand held weaving, vibration table, and heating from the furnace. mercury was analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy-vapor generation technique. Recovery from the biological sample was 95.51% and pooled standard deviation was 0.033. At the time of study, there was no work at the workplace. So, airborne mercury concentration was measured with area sampling 5 days after the work, ranged from 0.1459 to 1.2351 mg/㎥(Arithmatic mean 0.4711 mg/㎥, Geometric mean 0.3566 mg/㎥) at the inside of the plant, that is far above the ACGIH's TLV(0.025 mg/㎥) and ranged from 0.0073 to 0.0330 mg/㎥ at the outdoor. Blood mercury levels at the beginning of the monitoring were 4~14 times greater than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Biological Exposure Index(ACGIH BEI, 15 ug/L). Blood mercury levels were decreased logarithmically, that is, rapidly at the high level and slowly at the low level but sustained above the level of the ACGIH BEI 60~80 days after the work. Urine mercury levels at the beginning of the monitoring were 8~16 times greater than the ACGIH BEI(35 ug/g creatinine). Urine mercury levels were decreased logarithmically, but correlation between urine level and off-days were lower than those of blood. Decreasing pattern of blood mercury levels were little affected than that of urine levels when the chelating agent, D-penicillamine, was administered. There was correlation between blood mercury level and urine mercury level(0.81~0.83) but it didn\`t mean that the highest blood mercury level corresponded the highest urine mercury level. In our study, Case 1 always shows the highest level in urine but case 3 always shows the highest level in blood. Creatinine correction represented better correlations between urine mercury levels and blood levels, and between urine levels and off-days rather than by urine volume. Spot urine sampling had a wide variation than that of whole day urine sampling. So, We recommend spot urine sampling for screening and whole day urine sampling for exact diagnosis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2006

Purpose : We aim to identify the clinical and demographic characteristics in children who underwent renal transplantation(RTx) and to evaluate the influence on growth of RTx in children. Methods : We reviewed 17 medical records of chronic renal failure patients who underwent RTx from April 1992 and June 2004 at Busan Paik Hospital. Age and sex distribution, cause of disease, donor analysis, patient and graft survival rate, and the status of growth after RTx were analysed by retrospective study. Results : Eighteen RTx were performed in 17 patients(8 boys, 9 girls). The mean age at the time of RTx was $15.8{\pm}3.5$ years and the mean duration of dialysis therapy before RTx was $22.4{\pm}18.0$ months. The 1 year and 5 year patient survival rate were each 100%, and the 1 year and 5 year graft survival rate were 88%, 36% respectively. The most common cause of graft failure was chronic rejection. The mean final height of male patients was $162.8{\pm}10.0$ cm(143.0-172.5 cm) and of female patients was $154.5{\pm}12.1$ cm(135.8-160.0 cm). The mean height standard deviation score(Ht SDS) increased after RTx from -1.95 to -1.53 but the increment rate was not statistically significant. Similar changes were noted in individual patient analysis. Also there was no significant difference between the living-related donors and cadaveric donors. Conclusion : Our data shows that even successful RTx rarely results in full growth rehabilitation. To overcome retarded growth in children with chronic renal failure, appropriate combined management of metabolic and nutritional problems, correction of anemia, proper use of recombinant growth hormone therapy, early renal transplantation and shortening of the duration of dialysis would be necessary.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2008

수수 (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)의 미량 광물 (微量鑛物) 성분의 한가지인 카드뮴을 원자흡광분광 분석기 (이하 분광기)를 이용하여 바탕선을 수정하는 방법 (BGC)으로 분석했다. 실험은 가) 비료 무시 용구인 대조구 (對照區), 나)정수장(淨水場) 슬러지를 부숙 (腐熟)시킨 구, 다) 정수장(淨水場) 슬러지에 질소, 인산, 칼륨 비료 (肥料)를 시용한 구, 라) 부숙 (腐熟)시킨 정수장 (淨水場) 슬러지에 질소, 인산, 칼륨 비료 (肥料)를 시용한 구의 네 가지였고, 처리조건 (處理條件)은 카드뮴을 분석할 때에 분광기의 버너의 높이를 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm로 조정하여 측정 조건으로 했는데, 흡광도 (吸光度)의 변화 범위 (變化範圍)와 흡광도의 표준편차 (標準偏差)가 크며, 바탕선의 크기가 작은 쪽이 카드뮴 측정 (測定)에 유리 (有利)한 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험 (本實驗) 결과(結果), 3 mm와 6 mm 버너 높이에서 9 mm 높이 보다 카드뮴 측정에 유효(有效)하며, 3 mm와 6 mm 중에서는 6 mm 버너 높이가 보다 적당한 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2016

Body temperature (BT) monitoring in cattle could be used to early detect fever from infectious disease or physiological events. Various ways to measure BT have been applied at different locations on cattle including rectum, reticulum, milk, subcutis and ear canal. In other to evaluate the temperature stability and reliability of subcutaneous temperature (ST) in highly fluctuating field conditions for continuous BT monitoring, long term ST profiles were collected and analyzed from cattle in autumn/winter and summer season by surgically implanted thermo-logger devices. Purposes of this study were to assess ST in the field condition as a reference BT and to determine any location effect of implantation on ST profile. In results, ST profile in cattle showed a clear circadian rhythm with daily lowest at 05:00 to 07:00 AM and highest around midnight and rather stable temperature readings (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD], $37.1^{\circ}C$ to $37.36^{\circ}C{\pm}0.91^{\circ}C$ to $1.02^{\circ}C$). STs are $1.39^{\circ}C$ to $1.65^{\circ}C$ lower than the rectal temperature and sometimes showed an irregular temperature drop below the normal physiologic one: 19.4% or 36.4% of 54,192 readings were below $36.5^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Thus, for BT monitoring purposes in a fever-alarming-system, a correction algorithm is necessary to remove the influences of ambient temperature and animal resting behavior especially in winter time. One way to do this is simply discard outlier readings below $36.5^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C$ resulting in a much improved mean${\pm}$SD of $37.6^{\circ}C{\pm}0.64^{\circ}C$ or $37.8^{\circ}C{\pm}0.55^{\circ}C$, respectively. For location the upper scapula region seems the most reliable and convenient site for implantation of a thermo-sensor tag in terms of relatively low influence by ambient temperature and easy insertion compared to lower scapula or lateral neck.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.305-315
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• 2011

암석시료에 대한 음파 속도측정의 정확성을 검증하고 정밀한 측정을 위한 기초적인 실험의 일환으로 아크릴과 스테인리스강 재질의 시료에 대하여 길이와 축하중을 달리하여 각각에 대해 3회씩 측정한 총 864 경우에 대하여, 시험편을 통과한 초동 주시를 측정하고 분석하였다. 축하중이 가해진 상태에서의 S-파 측정은 P-파에 비해 측정에 어려움이 있었으며 이에 따라 반복측정, 길이, 축하중에 의한 편차도 S-파가 훨씬 크게 나타났다. 또한, 재질에 따라서는 스테인레스강 시편보다는 아크릴 시편의 초동주시 편차가 약 2배 정도 양호하게 나타났으며 이는 아크릴 시험편의 경우가 트랜스 듀서와 시험편 간의 접촉 coupling이 안정적이며 또한 동일한 시간 분해능이나 유사한 전기적 잡음에 비하여 초동 주시가 길기 때문으로 판단된다. 실험결과, 아크릴 시험편과 스테인리스강 시험편의 탄성파 속도를 측정할 때는 60 ~ 90 mm 정도의 길이를 갖는 시험편을 20 kg (27.7 $N/cm^2$) ~ 30 kg (41.6 $N/cm^2$) 내외의 축하중 하에서 측정하는 것이 가장 좋으며, 스테인리스강 시험편의 S-파 속도는 길이 50 mm 이하의 시험편을 사용하여 측정해야 한다. 이러한 실험 결과는 암석 코어의 속도 측정시 시스템 지연의 측정 및 보정에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2013

순간변위시험(slug test)은 현장의 지반 상태를 반영할 수 있어 연직차수벽 뒷채움재의 투수계수를 결정하는데 적용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 연직차수벽과 주변 지반 사이에 형성되는 벤토나이트 케익을 고려하여 순간변위시험을 모사할 수 있는 3차원 모델이 개발되었다. 연직차수벽의 폭(즉, 경계 조건과의 근접 정도), 우물의 편심, 우물에 지하수가 유입되는 수직 위치, 뒷채움재의 압축성 등의 영향변수들이 모델에 고려되었다. 수치해석 결과를 이용하여 연직차수벽 시공 중에 존재할 수 있는 벤토나이트 케익이 순간변위시험 결과에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 이를 통해, 수정 Line-fitting법은 벤토나이트 케익을 고려한 연직차수벽의 순간변위시험 해석에서 다른 경계조건에 대해 제시된 보정계수 없이 직접 적용될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 현장 사례를 벤토나이트 케익을 고려하여 재분석하여 벤토나이트 케익이 존재하지 않는 경우(일정 수두 경계 조건)와 보수적인 경계조건(불투수 경계 조건)으로 가정했던 기존의 사례분석 결과들과 비교하였다. 결론적으로 연직차수벽 뒷채움재의 투수계수 평가시 벤토나이트 케익의 영향 및 수정 Line-fitting법의 유효성을 확인하였다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-stretching exercises for iliotibial band (ITB) (Side-lying; right hip and knee were flexed to support the pelvis while left hip was extended and adducted, Standing A; side-bending of the trunk on standing with crossed leg, Standing B; same as Standing A, except the hands were clasped overhead and shifted right side, and Standing C; same as Standing B, except moving the arms diagonally downward) to help determine the most effective self-stretching method to stretch ITB. Twenty-one healthy subjects who do not have ITB shortness from Yonsei University (14 men and 7 women) between the ages of 18 to 28 years voluntarily participated. Ultrasound was performed to measure the thickness of the ITB between the long axis of the ITB and the level parallel to the lateral femoral epicondyle during four self-stretching exercises. All data were found to approximate a normal distribution. We used a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the thickness of the ITB among all self-stretching exercises. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}$=.05. The ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni's correction. The overall mean of ITB thickness was $1.14{\pm}.4$ mm (${\pm}$ standard deviation) in resting status. The change in the ITB thickness in percentages between the tested position of each self-stretching exercises and resting status was significant (p<.05) (Side-lying $26.62{\pm}10.18%$ with 95% confidence interval [CI]=21.99~31.25%; Standing A $29.46{\pm}16.19%$ with 95% CI=22.09~36.84%; Standing B $44.06{\pm}14.82%$ with 95% CI=37.31~50.81%; Standing C $53.76{\pm}12.1%$ with 95% CI=48.25~59.29%). Results indicated significant differences among four self-stretching exercises except Side-lying versus Standing A (p<.01). Based on these findings, the Standing C self-stretching exercise was the most effective in stretching the ITB thickness among four types of ITB self-stretching exercises. Additionally, the Side-lying self-stretching exercise using gravity to stretch the ITB is recommended as a low-load (low-intensity), long-duration stretch.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 1974

Presently, the performance level of the college student has received a great deal of attention, particularly in the area of professional education. The problem of under achievement, especially in areas dealing with science and technology, has gone through considerable investigation by numerous Psychologists and Educators. Thus for, however, they have not been successful in determining conclusively the non-intellectual factors involved. The maladjustment problem of these students has been a thorn in the side of nursing education for some time. This topic has been discussed among nursing educators without any tangible results. Furthermore, the fact that the number of students who withdraw from nursing education programs before graduation has increased. This represents a major problem for nursing education. This problem area had increased attention drawn to it on October 1957, when Russia successfully launched to first satellite "Sputnik" into space. Various studies seem to indicate that factors related to over achievement and under.achievement can be found in the motivation of the students. This study is aimed at testing 3 hypotheses which hopefully will lead to a better understanding of the learning activities of nursing students and to determine some of their nonintellectually personality traits. Hypothesis I: learning activities in nursing students and persona1ity are correlated, there will be significant differences in personality need structures between 4 classes of nursing collegiate students. Sub-hypothesis: There will also be significant differences in the degree of student satisfaction in her major subject. Hypothesis I: If there is a special personality need structure which is required for the clinical learning activity in general, then there will be significant differences between the personality need structures of under-achievers and overachiever. Hypothesis II : If each clinical nursing subject requires different personality need structures, then there will be differences in personality need structure between the different clinical groups Methodology: 1. Tool: A Korean translation and correction of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule of U.S.A. was used. 2. Subject and Test Method: Subjects were nursing students at Yonsei University, who enrolled for Fall semester of 1971. The Researcher herself executed the test for the test for the class as a group, and the absent students were tested indidually. Out of 307 students, 293 students (95.4%) were reported. 3. Statistical treatment: The mean and standard deviation for each of the 15 personality need variables were computed and the value of T-test was obtained to determine the differences in the personality need structures between each group. Results: 1, For the first hypothesis, the personality need structures between each of the 4 classes and the reported degree of satisfaction in major subject showed significant differences. Therefore the hypothesis I was accepted. 2. The comparison of personality need structure of under-achievers and over-achievers in clinical fields showed significant differences. Thus hypothesis II was accepted. 3. Personality need structure between clinical subject groups showed significant differences therefore the 3rd hypothesis was accepted.

• 지구물리
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 AHRS IMU 센서를 이용하여 동적 위치 결정을 위해 초기화 시험을 실시하여 회귀분석을 통해 시간에 대한 이동체의 자세 보정각에 대해 유도하였으며, 동체 방향(Heading)각의 경우 60sec를 지난 후 1°이내의 변동률로 안정되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 개할지와 준개할지로 구분하여 각 시스템 단독으로 동적 위치결정을 실험한 결과 개할지의 DGPS 단독 시스템인 경우 정확도 면에서는 우수하였지만 데이터 취득이 미비하여 이동간 거리가 12m 내외임을 알 수 있었으며, DGPS/IMU 결합 시스템의 경우 정확도와 데이터 취득 및 이동간 거리가 0.3m 내외임을 알 수 있었다. 준개할지에서 DGPS 단독 시스템의 경우 데이터 취득이 불가능한 곳을 제외하고 평균과 표준 오차를 구한 결과 DGPS〈 FIMU〈 DGPS/IMU 순으로 정확도가 우수한 것을 알 수 있었으며 이동간 거리는 개할지와 마찬가지였다. 그리고 DGPS의 경우 데이터 취득이 불가능한 곳을 여러 구간으로 비교하였을 때 DGPS 단독 시스템의 경우 최대 41.5m 가량 궤적에서 벗어나지만 결합 시스템의 경우 최대 2.2m 이내에 궤적을 구할 수 있었으며, 평균과 표준 오차를 크게 향상시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 항법 시스템을 결합하여 측량분야에 응용해 수치도화 작업내규의 지도에서 위치오차 0.2mm 오차와 비교하였을 때 축척 1 : 1,000 수치지도 작업까지도 가능한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2008

구치부 반대교합은 유치열기와 혼합치열기에서 종종 나타나는 부정교합으로서, 유병율은 $7{\sim}23%$로 다양하게 나타난다. 이는 상악 치아의 협측 교두가 대합되는 하악 치아의 협측 교두의 설측에 교합하는 상태이며, 하나의 치아 또는 한 치아군에서 나타날 수 있다. 구치부 반대교합의 경우, 보통 자발적 교정이 이루어지지 않으므로, 발견되는 즉시 치료해주는 것이 추천된다. 치성이나 기능성의 경우 성장함에 따라 골격성으로 이행하여 악골의 변형을 초래하고 교정적인 수단으로 개선이 불가능한 상태로 악화될 가능성도 있으므로 조기에 치료하는 것이 효과적이며, 이러한 반대교합의 치료 방법으로는 하악의 변위를 유발하는 조기접촉을 제거하기 위한 교합조정, 협소한 상악궁의 확장, 치열궁내 비대칭을 치료하기 위한 개개 치아의 배열 등의 방법이 있다. 본 증례에서는 유치열기와 초기 혼합치열기 아동에서 구치부 반대교합이 관찰되어 치아의 선택적 삭제와 상악궁의 확장으로 반대교합을 교정한 후 정기적 검진시 양호한 결과가 관찰되기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.