• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2015

Metacognitive monitoring refers to high dimensional cognitive activities. Understanding one's own cognitive processes accurately can make effective controls for their performance. Brain area related with metacognition is PFC which is completed the order of late and it can be inferred that monitoring abilities is developing during late adolescent. In this study, we explored the developmental difference in monitoring accuracy between high school students and college students using by measuring JOL(Judgment of Learning). Participants was asked that they study Spanish-Korean word pairs and judge their future performance of memory. In the result, people in both groups thought that they could remember word pairs better than their actual performance. Absolute bias scores which mean the degree to predict their performance apart from true scores showed the interaction between subject groups and task difficulty. Specifically, people judged their learning state quite accurately in easy task condition. However, in difficult task condition, both groups showed inaccuracy for predicting their learning and the magnitude of the degree was bigger in the group of high school students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.562-566
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the developmental relationship between fatty acid composition in different lipid fractions and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression in steer muscles during growth. Twenty Hanwoo steers were used at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months of age. Fatty acid composition and SCD mRNA level were analyzed. In the total lipid fraction, developmental profiles of C18:1, as the product of SCD enzyme, and SCD mRNA level were significantly increased between 6 months and 12 months of age. During this period, the percentage of C18:1 increased from 31.9% to 49.5% in the total lipid. The increased C18:1 level was maintained until 30 months of age within the range of 44.8- 49.9%. In contrast, the C18:0 composition decreased with age and this decrease was compensated by the increase of the C18:1. However, the sum of C18:0 and C18:1 was changed before and after 12-month old by a 20% increase. Unlike the C18 fatty acids, the C16 fatty acids such as C16:0 and C16:1 did not show a consistent change with age in steers' muscle. On the other hand, C18:2 proportion as a major polyunsaturated fatty acid in muscle was significantly reduced from 21.1% at 6 months of age to 4.4% at 12-months old and then this reduced level was maintained until 30 months within the range of 7.4-11.4%. As in the C18:1 composition during early stages, a 2-fold significant increase was observed in the $\Delta^9$-desaturase index of C18 fatty acid as a measure of SCD activity, but not in that of C16 fatty acid. Also, the steady-state level of SCD mRNA reached a peak at 12 months of age. Thus, the positive relationship between the C18:1 composition and the $\Delta^9$-desaturase (SCD enzyme) index of C18 fatty acid or SCD mRNA level was demonstrated during growth, but the negative relationship between the C18:2 composition and the above three indices was demonstrated at the same time, indicating that the sharp induction of SCD mRNA may be closely related to the dramatic reduction of C18:2, which is known as a suppressor of SCD gene expression during growth.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2008

Expression of the seven open reading frames (ORFs) of single-stranded DNA Curtoviruses such as Beet curly top virus (BCTV) and Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) is driven by a bi-directional promoter. To investigate this bidirectional promoter activity with respect to viral late gene expression, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a GUS reporter gene under the control of either the BCTV or BSCTV bi-directional promoter were constructed. Transgenic plants harboring constructs showed higher expression levels when the promoter of the less virulent BCTV was used than when the promoter of the more virulent BSCTV was used. In transgenic seedlings, the reporter gene constructs were expressed primarily in actively dividing tissues such as root tips and apical meristems. As the transgenic plants matured, reporter gene expression diminished but viral infection of mature transgenic plants restored reporter gene expression, particularly in transgenic plants containing BCTV virion-sense gene promoter constructs. A 30 base pair conserved late element (CLE) motif was identified that was present three times in tandem in the BCTV promoter and once in that of BSCTV. Progressive deletion of these repeats from the BCTV promoter resulted in decreased reporter gene expression, but BSCTV promoters in which one or two extra copies of this motif were inserted did not exhibit increased late gene promoter activity. These results demonstrate that Curtovirus late gene expression by virion-sense promoters depends on the developmental stage of the host plant as well as on the number of CLE motifs present in the promoter.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2008

The HMG box containing protein (HBP) has a high mobility group domain and involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of tissues. We screened HBP2 in glioblastoma using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and isolated human spermatogonial stem cell-like cells (hSSC-like cells) derived from patients of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Expression of HBP2 was analyzed by RT-PCR in undifferentiated stem cells (human Embryonic Stem Cells, hSSC-like cells 2P) and spontaneous differentiated stem cells (hSSC-like cells 4P). It was overexpressed in hESC and hSSC-like cells 2P but not in hSSC-like cells 4P. Also, the expression level of HBP2 was downregulated in colon tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Specifically in synchronized WI-38 cells, HBP2 was highly upregulated until the G1 phase of the cell cycle and gradually decreased during the S phase. Our results suggest that HBP2 was downregulated during the spontaneous differentiation of hSSC-like cells. HBP2 was differently expressed in colon tissues and was related to G1-progression in WI-38 cells. It may playa role in the maintenance of an undifferentiated hSSC-like cell state and transits from G1 to S in WI-38 cells. This research was important that it identified a biomarker for an undifferentiated state of hSSC-like cells and characterized its involvement to arrest during cell cycle in colon cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.11
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• pp.88-95
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• 1998

This paper is the result of constructing information processing system such as living creatures' brain based on artificial life techniques. The living things are best information processing system in themselves. One individual is developed from a generative cell. And a species of this individual has adapted itself to the environment through evolution. In this paper, we propose a new method of designing neural networks using biological inspired developmental and evolutionary concept. Ontogeny of organism is embodied in cellular automata(CA) and phylogeny of species is realized by evolutionary algorithms(EAs). We call 'Evolving Cellular Automata Neural Systems' as ECANSI. The connection among cells is determined by the rule of cellular automata. In order to obtain the best neural networks in given environment, we evolve the arragemetn of initial cells. The cell, that is a neuron of neural networks, is modeled on chaotic neuron with firing or rest state like biological neuron. A final output of network is measured by frequency of firing state. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by applying it to Exclusive-OR and parity problem.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to analyzed pattern of proteins expression abnormally in cloned bovine placenta. TIMP-2 protein whose function is related to extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodeling processes was one of differentially up-regulated proteins in SCNT placenta. And one of down-regulated protein in SCNT placenta was identified as vimentin protein that is presumed to stabilize the architecture of the cytoplasm. The expression patterns of these proteins were validated by Western blotting. To evaluate how regulatory loci. of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was programmed reprogramming in cloned placenta. the status of DNA methylation in the promoter region of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was analyzed by sodium Bisulfite mapping. The DNA methylation results showed that there was not difference in methylation pattern of TIMP-2 and vimentin loci between cloned and normal placenta. Histone H3 acetylation state of the nucleosome was analyzed in the cloned placental and normal placenta by Western blotting. A small portion of the protein lysates were subjected to Western blotting with the antibodies against anti acetyl-Histone H3. Overall histone H3 acetylation state of SCNT placenta was significantly higher than those of normal placenta cells. It is postulated that cloned placenta at the end of gestation seems to be unusual in function and morphology of placenta via improper expression of TIMP-2 and vimentin by abnormal acetylation states of cloned genome.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.243-250
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• 2000

To find the mechanism underlying the ADP-induced increase in the outward current in ovulated mouse oocytes, we examined changes in voltage-dependent currents using the whole cell voltage clamp technique and the internal perfusion technique. Eggs were collected from the oviduct of superovulated mice with PMSG and hCG. Membrane potential was held at -60 mV (or -80 mV in the case of recording $Ca^{2＋}$ currents) and step depolarizations or hyperpolarizations were applied for 300 ms. By step depolarizations, outward currents comprising steady-state and time-dependent components were elicited. They were generated in response to the positive potential more than 20 mV with severe outward rectification and were blocked by external TEA, a specific $K^{＋}$ channel blocker, suggesting that they be carried via $K^{＋}$ channels. Internally-perused 5 mM ADP gradually increased outward $K^{＋}$ currents (IK) 1 min after perfusion of ADP and reached slowly to maximum (150~170％) 5 min later over the positive potential range, implying that ADP might not be acted directly to the $K^{＋}$ channels. IK were decreased by 5 mM ATP without affecting the steady-state component of outward current. In contrast to the effect of ADP and ATP on IK, both effect of ATP and ADP on inward $Ca^{2＋}$ currents (ICa) could not be detected due to the continuous decrease in current amplitudes with time-lapse ("run-down" phenomena). To check if there is a G protein-involved regulation in the ionic current of mouse oocytes, 1 mM GTP was applied to the cytoplasmic side, and the outward current and inward currents were recorded. ICa was promptly increased in the presence of GTP whereas IK was not changed. from these results, it is concluded that the ATP-dependent regulation is likely linked in the ADP-induced increase in the outward $K^{＋}$ current, and G protein-involved cellular signalling might affect ion channels carrying $Ca^{2＋}$ and $K^{＋}$ in mouse oocytes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2702-2706
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• 2012

In plants, factory automation systems, although most of the growth of plants by the state workforce is the restaurant to check manually. In this paper, we use two cameras to measure the plant's developmental state has been studied. Plant measurement algorithm, the camera only affordable, reliable and simple system to get the data you can build a system. In this paper, the size of plants that plant growth in the plant to measure the efficient monitoring system has been developed. By utilizing this system, the size of the plant measured data required to maintain and manage accordingly, saving time and reducing costs and improving operational efficiency of plants, plant managers, the effect could be obtained by building the actual system the performance of the proposed system was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2011

Objectives：This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric problems in children with scholastic difficulties who had been referred for mental health services from the Office of Education in Ulsan Metropolitan City. Methods：Child psychiatrists evaluated the referred children using the DSM-IV. Evaluation tools included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Korean form of the State-trait anxiety Inventory for children, the ADHD rating. Results：Seventy-six children consisting of 64 boys (84.2%) and 12 girls (15.8%) participated in the study. The average age was 10.3 (SD=0.93) years old. Approximately 74% of the children referred for scholastic difficulties were diagnosed with mental retardation. The Axis I diagnosis among these children were ADHD (86.8%), depression (21.1%), learning disorder (9.2%), communication disorder (4.8%), pervasive developmental disorder (3.6%), internet addiction (1.3%), and mood disorder (1.3%). Their overall measure according to the Child Depression Inventory was 22.7 (SD=16.8), that for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was 33.3 (SD=7.9)/32.4 (SD=9.5), and that for the ADHD rating scale was 18.9 (SD=10.9). Conclusion：These results suggest that many children with scholastic difficulties have both complex psychiatric and educational problems.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

A lot of works have been dedicated to clarify the reasons why the establishment of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from pig is more difficult than that from mouse and human. Several concomitant factors such as culture condition including feeder layer, sensitivity of cell to cell contact, definitive markers of pluripotency for evaluation of the validity and optimal timing of derivation have been suggested as the disturbing factors in the establishment of porcine ESCs Traditionally, attempts to derive stem cells from porcine embryos have depend on protocols established for mouse ESCs using inner cell mass (ICM) for the isolation and culture. And more recently, protocols used for primate ESCs were also applied. However, there is no report for the establishment of porcine ESCs. Indeed, ungulate species including pigs have crucial developmental differences unlike rodents and primates. Here we will review recent studies about issues for establishment of porcine ESCs and discuss the promise and strategies focusing on the timing for derivation and pluripotent state of porcine ESCs.