• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the expression pattern of the specific factors associated with pregnancy and angiogenesis during early pregnancy in Hanwoo. Synchronized female Hanwoo ($4{\sim}6$ year-old) were inseminated artificially. After 10 weeks after artificial insemination (AI), the pregnancy was tested by rectal palpation method. Three pregnant and non-pregnant Hanwoo were used in this experiment, respectively. The plasma progesterone level was measured by ELISA. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG) or angiogenic factors (VEGF, B-FGF, ANP-1, and TIE-2). The plasma P4 level was increase gradually in pregnant group and maintained high level. The concentration of PAG was significantly higher from $5^{th}$ weeks in pregnant group compared to that of non-pregnant group (p<0.05). The concentrations of the VEGF (p<0.05), B-FGF (p<0.05), and ANP-1 (p<0.05) were significantly increased from $6^{th}\;or\;7^{th}$ week after AI in pregnant group, respectively. And the intensity of TIE-2, ANP-1 receptor, was well matched with ANP-1 (p<0.05). Taken together, it can be postulated that the blood vessels connected with fetus and dam were formed dramatically around 40 days after AI, because the expression levels of the angiogenic factors were increased significantly from this time in pregnant Hanwoo.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2008

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells retain the capacity for self-renewal, are pluripotent and differentiate into the three embryonic germ layer cells. The regulatory transcription factors Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 play an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of human ES cells. The aim of this research was to identify unknown genes upregulated in human ES cells along with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. This study characterizes an unknown gene, named chromosome 1 open reading frame 31 (C1orf31) mapping to chromosome 1q42.2. The product of C1orf31 is the hypothetical protein LOC388753 having a cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb (COX6b) motif. In order to compare expression levels of C1orf31 in human ES cells, human embryoid body cells, vascular angiogenic progenitor cells (VAPCs), cord-blood endothelial progenitor cells (CB-EPCs) and somatic cell lines, we performed RT-PCR analysis. Interestingly, C1orf31 was highly expressed in human ES cells, cancer cell lines and SV40-immortalized cells. It has a similar expression pattern to the Oct4 gene in human ES cells and cancer cells. Also, the expression level of C1orf31 was shown to be upregulated in the S phase and early G2 phase of synchronized HeLa cells, leading us to purpose that it may be involved in the S/G2 transition process. For these reasons, we assume that C1orf31 may play a role in on differentiation of human ES cells and carcinogenesis.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2011

Development of mouse fetus brains can be defined morphologically and functionally by three developmental stages, embryo day (ED) 16, postnatal stage one week and eight weeks. These defined stages of brain development may be closely associated with differential gene expression rates due to limited cellular resources such as energy, space, and free water. Complex patterns of expressed genes and proteins during brain development suggests the changes in relative concentrations of proteins rather than the increase in numbers of new gene products. This study was designed to evaluate early protein expression pattern in mouse fetus brain. The mouse brain proteome of fetus at ED 15.5, and 19.5 was obtained using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (DE). Analysis of the 2-DE gels in pH 3-10 range revealed the presence of 15 differentially expressed spots, of which 11 spots were identified to be known proteins following MALDI-TOF analysis; 3 spots were up-regulated and 8 spots were down-regulated in the mouse fetus brain at ED 15.5. UP-regulated proteins were identified as MCG18238, isoform M2 of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, isoform 2 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2, creatine kinase B-type, 40S ribosomal protein SA and hemoglobin subunit beta-H1. Down-regulated proteins were putative uncharacterized protein, lactoylglutathione lyase and secreted acidic cysteine rich glycoprotein. Our results revealed composite profiles of mouse fetus brain proteins related to mouse fetus development by 2-DE analysis implying possible roles of these proteins in neural differentiation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2012

Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is the first major transition that occurs after fertilization, and entails a dramatic reprogramming of gene expression that is essential for continued development. Although it has been suggested that EGA in porcine embryos starts at the four-cell stage, recent evidence indicates that EGA may commence even earlier; however, the molecular details of EGA remain incompletely understood. The RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes transcribes mRNAs and most small nuclear RNAs. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II can become phosphorylated in the C-terminal domain. The unphosphorylated form of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit C-terminal domain (IIa) plays a role in initiation of transcription, and the phosphorylated form (IIo) is required for transcriptional elongation and mRNA splicing. In the present study, we explored the nuclear translocation, nuclear localization, and phosphorylation dynamics of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain in immature pig oocytes, mature oocytes, two-, four-, and eight-cell embryos, and the morula and blastocyst. To this end, we used antibodies specific for the IIa and IIo forms of RNA polymerase II to stain the proteins. Unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II stained strongly in the nuclei of germinal vesicle oocytes, whereas the phosphorylated form of the enzyme was confined to the chromatin of prophase I oocytes. After fertilization, both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated RNA polymerase II began to accumulate in the nuclei of early stage one-cell embryos, and this pattern was maintained through to the blastocyst stage. The results suggest that both porcine oocytes and early embryos are transcriptionally competent, and that transcription of embryonic genes during the first three cell cycles parallels expression of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2014

In Pleuronectiformes, blind-side malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) is common in cultured flatfishes, and is economically important. To understand the mechanism of blind-side hypermelanosis in flatfishes, we examined when the malpigmentation initially occurred, and studied how the symptoms proceeded during early development of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. To assess quantitative pattern changes of blind-side skin, we observed morphological development of the whole body from 22 (total length [TL] $10.0{\pm}0.2$ mm and body weight [BW] $8.8{\pm}0.57$ mg) to 110 days (TL $23.4{\pm}0.7$ mm, BW $193.6{\pm}23.3$ mg) after hatching (DAH), and also examined the malpigmented area rate of blind-side skin and the malpigmented fish ratios. The experimental animals were reared in fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks in water at a temperature of $18.9{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$ and salinity of $32.6{\pm}0.6$ psu and were fed with rotifer and Artemia nauplii from 22 to 48 DAH, and with A. nauplii and commercial feed from 49 to 110 DAH. As results, the first staining patch seen by the naked eye was observed around the area between the anus and pelvic fin or caudal edge of the trunk at 80 DAH (TL $20.6{\pm}0.5$ mm, BW $112.5{\pm}8.8$ mg). The pigmented area and the pigmented fish ratios were significantly increased from 80 to 110 DAH. These results indicated that malpigmentation on the blind side of starry flounder was initially observed at about 2 cm in length and 100 mg in weight, and the pigmented domain on the blind-side skin was continually broadened by the differentiation of pigmented cells (melanophores and xanthophores) with growth.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2005

본 연구는 한우 수정란의 체외생산에 있어서 효율과 품질의 향상을 위해서, 미성숙 난포란을 회수하는 난소의 형태와 배양 용기로서 straw의 효과를 검토하였다. 난소의 형태에 따른 수정율은 전 군에서 70.3∼84.1%로서 비슷한 경향이었다. 8세포기 및 배반포기 발달율은 황체와 난포가 모두 존재하지 않는 대조군이 가장 높았다. 배반포의 inner cell mass(ICM), trophectoderm(TE), total cell number(TCN) 및 ICM/TCN 비율은 낭종군과 퇴행황체군이 다른군에 비하여 높은 경향이었다. 체외성숙에 이용하는 배양용기에 따른 수정율은 0.5 ㎖ straw 군이, 8세포기 발달율은 대조군이 가장 높았으나, 배반포기 발달율은 23.1∼30.7％로서 각 군 간에 비슷한 경향이었다. 한편 각각의 배양 용기에서 유래된 배반포의 ICM, TE, TCN 및 ICM/TCN 비율은 유사한 경향이었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the effect of several saccharides on the induction of capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) and to examine the effects of mono and polysaccharides on the penetration activity of boar spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were inseminated in medium with fucose, galactose and mannose as monosaccharide, and fucoicIan. galactan and marman as polysaccharide. The penetration rates were significantly (p<0.05) lower in medium with galactose (40.6%), mannose (38.1%), fucose (41.6%) and fucoidan (36.6%) compared with control (56.7%). The rates of AR were increased (40.7 to 59.8%) by the preincubation periods prolonged from 0 to 4 hr (p<0.05). Similar tendencies were observed in AR when spermatozoa were treated with monosaccharides, but not significantly differ among the groups treated with different time of preincubation with some exception of galactose. When spermatozoa were treated with polysaccharides, the rates of AR were significantly (p<0.05) increased by preincubation time prolonged from 0 to 4 hr with an exception of fucoidan. In conclusion, the present study suggests that penetration rate of spermatozoa is higher in presence of polysaccharides than monosaccharides. Also, it may resume that the comparing to control, the all saccharides (L-fucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, fucoidan. galactan and mannan)-treated groups slightly increase the AR pattern as preincubation time prolonged.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

사람을 비롯한 대부분의 동물들은 주변 환경의 영향을 받아 주기적인 생활을 영위하고 있다. 지구의 자전 및 공전으로 그리고 국소적으로 발생되는 주기적인 변화는 생명체의 행동으로 뚜렷하게 표출된다. 이러한 환경의 주기적인 변화는 오랜 기간의 진화과정을 통하여 생명체 내의 유전자로 각인되었으며, 이 유전자들은 발생 과정을 포함하는 성장 과정에서 리듬으로 발현된다. 환경의 변화는 결국 유전자로 정착하여 생체 시계로서 작용하며, 시상하부의 시신경교차상핵(suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN)이 유력한 해부학적 위치이다. 따라서 생체 시계는 지구상에 살고 있는 생명체의 각종 리듬을 지배하여, 출생 및 사망, 수명, 행동, 생리, 세포 분열, 생화학적 반응 등등에 영향을 미친다. 리듬은 서서히 변화하는 환경의 변화에 맞도록 재조정된다. 생체 시계는 규칙적인 환경 변화를 예측하고 이에 미리 대비하게 하는 장점을 지니고 있다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 남원지역 화강암을 대상으로 각 방향에 따른 물성간의 상관관계와 역학적 이방성을 규명하고자 하였다. 화강암의 수평, 수직축의 방향별 물성치는 일축압축강도 및 압열인장강도와 선형관계를 나타내었으며, 초음파 속도 측정 결과 수직방향은 나머지 두 수평방향 보다 약 10∼15% 정도 빠르게 나타났다. 이러한 속도 차이의 원인은 주로 암석 내에 존재하는 미세균열의 발달형태에 따르는 것으로 판단되며, 이는 현미경관찰 결과와 매우 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 점하중시험에 의한 점하중강도지수(Is(50)) 측정결과, 화강암의 경우 일축압축강도와 점하중강도지수의 비는 18∼20에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 일축압축강도와 점하중강도지수. 슈미트해머 반발치. 압열인장강도와 좋은 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 이중 점하중강도지수가 가장 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 이로부터 알 수 있듯이 점하중 강도지수가 일축압축강도를 추정하는데 가장 유효한 도구임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2002

월동기 90일 동안 transgenic coho salmon의 사료섭식량, 성장도 및 혈중 호르몬 수준을 파악하였다. 실험 종료시 실험구별 사료섭식량은 비교해 볼 때 tGH구가 Wild구보다 약4배 정도 높게 나타났지만, 사료효율의 경우 오히려 tGH구가 Wild구보다 1.1 배 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편 생존률은 tGH구가 Wild구보다 높게 나타났고, 성장은 tGH구가 길이에 있어 1.4배, 무게의 경우 약 3배 빠르게 나타났으며, 비만도 역시 tGH구가 Wild구보다 높게 나타났다. 실험구별 성장에 따른 호르몬 분석 결과, GH와 thyroid hormone의 농도는 tGH구가 Wild구에 비해 약 2배 정도 높은 값을 나타냈었다. 실험구별 형태적 특징을 관찰해 본 결과, tGH구들은 Wild구와 비교해 머리가 몸에 비해 상대적으로 크면서 꼬리지느러미의 가랑이 부분이 중심선으로 위, 아래가 확연히 분리되어 있지 않았다. 또한 몸통 부분은 길이에 비해 상대적으로 체고가 높게 나타났다.