• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 2015

Edaravone (Eda) is a potent scavenger of inhibiting free radicals including hydroxyl radicals ($H_2O_2$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as $H_2O_2$ can alter most kinds of cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, cellular apoptosis. In addition, oxidative stress from over-production of ROS is involved in the defective embryo development of porcine. Previous study reported that Eda has protective effects against oxidative stress-like cellular damage. However, the effect of Eda on the preimplantation porcine embryos development under oxidative stress is unclear. Therefore, in this study, the effects of Eda on blastocyst development, expression levels of ROS, and apoptotic index were first investigated in preimplantation porcine embryos. After in vitro fertilization, porcine embryos were cultured for 6 days in PZM medium with Eda ($10{\mu}M$), $H_2O_2$ ($200{\mu}M$), and Eda+$H_2O_2$ treated group, respectively. Rate of blastocyst development was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the Eda treated group compared with only $H_2O_2$ treated group. And, we measured intracellular levels of ROS by DCF-DA staining methods and investigated numbers of apoptotic nuclei by TUNEL assay analysis is in porcine blastocyst, respectively. Both intracellular ROS levels and the numbers of apoptotic nucleic were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in porcine blastocysts cultured with Eda ($10{\mu}M$). More over, the total cell number of blastocysts were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the Eda-treated group compared with untreated group and the only $H_2O_2$ treated group. Based on the results, Eda was related to regulate as antioxidant-like function according to the reducing ROS levels during preimplantation periods. Also, Eda is beneficial for developmental competence and preimplantation quality of porcine embryos. Therefore, we concluded that Eda has protective effect to ROS derived apoptotic stress in preimplantation porcine embryos.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2011

The objective of this study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of sperm collection methods on the post-thaw viability of cat semen. The cat semen was collected by artificial virginal (AV) and electronic ejaculate (EE) methods. The composition of semen extender was consisted of Tris-buffer supplemented with 20% egg yolk and 1% P/S antibiotics in Ext I, and more added 8% glycerol, 1.0% Equex STM paste of total volume in Ext II. The collected semen was adjusted the concentration and then diluted in Ext I for optimal concentration. The diluted semen was cooling to $5^{\circ}C$ temperature in refrigerator for at least 2 hrs and then diluted stepwise with Ext II for at least 1 hrs. After an equilibration for 1 hrs, the cooled semen was packaged in 0.5 ml straw and then freezing on the $LN_2$ vapor over 5 cm above from $LN_2$ and then immersed directly in $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. The frozen semen was thawed in $38^{\circ}C$ water for 15 sec and then evaluated the motility, viability, and morphology. Post-thaw semen were calculated the motility by SMI (sperm motility index). The live-dead sperm was evaluated by Eosin-B and morphological evaluation was by Diff-quik kit staining. The post-thaw concentration ($89{\times}10^6$ /ml vs. $128{\times}10^6$ /ml), viability ($22.6{\pm}10.6%$ vs. $37.1{\pm}26.1%$), morphological normality ($27.0{\pm}50.2%$ vs. $45.6{\pm}123.0%$) of EE and AV groups were not significant different, but the post-thaw motility was significant lower in EE than that in AV group ($53.1{\pm}3.6$ vs. $73.6{\pm}5.7$) (p<0.05). In conclusion, semen collection methods did not significant different between EE and AV groups except of post-thaw motility and so both semen collection methods could be applied in feline semen collection methods.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 1993

The spawning and growth of eightspine stickleback,Pungitius sinensis kaiborae (Tanaka, 19151, were investigated in the Chavang Stream from March 1990 to february 1991 as a part of study on its life history. Nest building, spavming and parental behaviors were similar to those known on the sticklebacks of Europe, North America and Japan. Bht f sinensis kaibarae in the Chayang Stream, peculiarly, showed only superficial gluing behavior in nest building phase and made two nurseries iust behind the nest in Parental Phase. The individuals with fully mature eggs were found from late February to late June. The fecundity of an adult female was about 21 to 110 (mean 47.07) eggs and the diameter of kllv matured ovarian eggs ranged 1.3 to 1.5 mm. The smallest female with fully mature eggs was 25.8 mm in body length and had 21 eggs. The relationship between the number of mature eggs in ovary and body length was No. of eggs = 2.857BL -55.134 (r = 0.890). The number of deposited eggs in a nest was 27 to 637 and thew were composed of several clusters of various developmental stages. The distribution pattern of gonadsomatic index (GSl) against the body length shown that in females 1+ year-old fishes mainly participate in spawning but in males 11 and 2+ year-old fishes equally participate. From the fluctuat지n pattern of GSI and the number of mature eggs in ovary, it was assumed that the spawning season was from February to June and the peak of spawning was early March to late April. The newly hatched vouns was found at late April and their body length was about 10 mm. The vouns (O+) grew rapidly until late August. Then their srowth was slowed down and finallY ceased in midautumn. The young reached about 35 mm BL in their first year of life. The halting of growth was lasted to next Sune when the spawning season would be nearly closed. They (1+) began to grow asain from late june, grew rapidly until tate september and reached about 415 mm BL. Then there was no more grouvth until to die as 2+ yearold fish. Therefore it was assumed that the life span of P. sinensis kaibarae in the Chavang Stream would be about ko years. The relationship between the body length and the body weight was logBW = 2.9541ogBL -4.802 (r = 0.998).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.627-633
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• 1997

Gonad structure, germ cell development and reproductive cycle of the smallmouth scorpionfish, Scorpaena miostoma were investigated based on histological method. Samples were collected monthly in the vicinity of Suyoung Bay, Pusan, Korea from November 1995 to October 1996. The testis is seminiferous tubule type in internal structure. Seminiferous tubule consists of numerous testicular cysts which contain numerous germ cells in same developmental stage. The ovary consists of several ovarian lamellae originated from ovarian outer membrane. Oogonia originated from the inner surface of the ovarian lamella protrude to the ovarian cavity in oocyte stage, and they are suspended by the egg stalk. Biological minimum size of female and male were 12.5cm in total length. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female (3.81) and male (0.23) were the highest in October. Reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: in female, growing stage $(May\~August)$, maturation stage $(September\~October)$, ripe and spawning stage $(November\~December)$, recovery and resting stage $(January\~April)$, and in male, growing stage $(June\~August)$, maturation stage $(September\~October)$, ripe and spent stage $(November\~January)$ and recovery and resting stage $(February\~May)$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1976

The relationships between various nitrogen efficiencies among 57 rice cultivars grouped into three developmental categories were investigated by simple correlation with (12kg/10a) and without nitrogen fertilizer under the field condition. The relationship showed similar in a group or among all varieties of three groups. Yield among varieties showed highly significant correlation with Fe (fertilization efficiency: yield increment/nitrogen applied), E (nitrogen efficiency for yield), Ef(efficiency of nitrogen derived from fertilizer) and Eu (fertilizer use efficiency: nitrogen derived from fertilizer divided by total nitrogen applied). The E was correlated significantly and positively with harvest index (HI), percent translocation (T) of nitrogen to ear and negatively with nitrogen uptake amount (N), nitrogen concentration in grain (GN%) and in straw (SN%). The E depends almost on Ef and only inTongil group partly on Es (efficiency of nitrogen derived from soil). The Ef contributes to Fe more than Eu does (Fe = $Ef{\cdot}Eu$). It appears that Ef and Eu increased from the old group to the recommended local varieties, but only EF and Es increased markedly when rice was developed from recommended local group to Tongil line ($indica{\times}japonica$ hybrid selction). The fact that E and Fe depend more on Ef among rice varieties is very good contrast to the result that E and Fe depend more on Es and Eu respectively among soils in the previous investigatigation. The Ef appears as the most important parameter for rice varietal selection under fertilizer application system.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2009

The gonadosomatic index (GSI), fatness, ovarian development, first sexual maturity, and fecundity of the Korean anchovy Coilia nasus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric analysis from January to December, 2007. The GSI and fatness began to increase in February, and reached the maximum in June when the ovary was getting mature and spawning occurred. Thereafter these parametes rapidly decreased in July when spawning occurred. Therefore, monthly changes in the GSI and fatness were closely related to ovarian maturation and spawning. The duration of ovarian development in females can be classified into five successive stages: early growing stage (February to March), late growing stage (March to April), mature stage (May to June), ripe and spent stage (June to July), and recovery and resting stage (December to January). Maturation and spawning of this species occurred between June and July during the period of high seawater temperature-long day length. Percentages of first sexual maturity in female individuals were over 50% for fish ranging 24.1 to 27.0 cm in total length, and 100% for fish over 30.1 cm in total length. The number of total eggs and mature eggs in the absolute fecundity were increased with the increase of total length and body weight, respectively. The number of total eggs and mature eggs in relative fecundity were also proportional to total length, but rather these numbers decreased in the maximum body weight (126.0${\sim}$150.0 g).

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2010

Human adipose stem cells are an abundant, readily available population of multipotent progenitor cells that reside in adipose tissue and these cells have characteristics very similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs). However, liposuction procedure, donor age, body mass index, and harvesting sites might generate differences in the initial cell population and the preparations are a heterogeneous mixture of precursors with different subsets. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the characteristics of human thigh adipose stem cells and the differentiation potential into mesodermal and endodermal lineage. Thigh adipose stem cells maintained fibroblast-like morphology similar to BM-MSCs and they underwent average 56.5 doublings and produced $5{\times}10^{22}$ cells. These cells expressed SCF, Oct4, nanog, vimentin, CK18, FGF5, NCAM, Pax6, BMP4, HNF4a, nestin, GATA4, HLA-ABC, and HLA-DR genes at p3 and they also expressed Oct4, Thy-1, FSP, vWF, vimentin, desmin, CK18, CD54, CD4, CD106, CD31, a-SMA, HLA-ABC proteins. Moreover, they could differentiate into mesodermal lineage cells such as adipocyte, osteoblast and chondrocyte. In addition, they also differentiated into insulin secreting cells in our culture condition. In conclusion, human thigh adipose stem cells retain proliferative potential and expression patterns similar to BM-MSCs and they also differentiate into various cell types. Thus, human thigh adipose stem cells might be useful alternative cell source for clinical application.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.407-429
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• 2012

There has been much debates on the geologic age of the sediments of the Domi Basin, since age results varied after research methods and fossil groups. This study carried out palynological analysis and seismic interpretation to establish a stratigraphy and environmental reconstruction mainly based on fossil dinoflagellates and Seismic data from the Domi-1 and Sora-1 wells. The dinocyst assemblages found enabled zonation of the well sediment sequence resulting in 4 ecozones. Index fossils among dinocysts and palynomorphic substances indicate geologic age of the well ranges from Eocene to Pleistocene, and paleoenvironment varies from freshwater to inner-neritic marine. The fossil association also suggests strong relationship to Japanese Tertiary basins in Kyushu area in terms of stratigraphy and basin developmental history.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2002

Little is known about sexual autonomy in the light of human sexual health or sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of sexual autonomy by developing a scale to measure sexual autonomy in college students. The measure was based on the perspective of human beings as having autonomy. A methodological developmental design was used. The study was done in three steps and included concept development through content analysis of relevant literature individual interviews using open-ended questions with 19 college students, item analysis of data from self report questionnaires for item to total correlation, content validity index by professionals and college students, and factor analysis with principal component analysis. Three groups participated in testing the measurement scale; Group A in 1998, a nationwide convenience sample of college students (n=1,163), Group B, college students in 1999 (n=233), and Group C, college students in 2000 who responded to the measurement scale before and after a sex education program (n=216). A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test validity. For analysis of the questionnaires, statistical methods including reliability (test-retest), item to total analysis, content validity, factor analysis for construct validity and t-test for mean difference according to gender, sexual coitus, previous sex education, and pre-post experiment sex education were used with SPSS 10.0. Results: 1. Two stable factors were extracted and these contributed 48.05% of the variance in the total score. All 13 items loaded above .40 on each factor. 2. Factor I with 10 items was named 'control' and factor II with 3 items and was named 'coping'. 3. Differences in sexual autonomy scores for college students according to their experience showed that there were significantly higher scores for sexual autonomy in the post sex education group(t=-10.841, p=.000), but there were no differences according to whether or not they had previous sex education. Female college students had higher sexual autonomy scores than male college students in A or B group (t=-5.933, p=.000/ t=-1.992, p=.048). 4. Cronbach's $\alpha$ was .8603 for the total 13 items with 1,632 college students, .8739 with 232 students, .8333$\sim$.7647 with pre-post sex education with 216 students. This measurement was found to have a high validity and reliability for measuring sexual autonomy in college students. Therefore, the author recommends that it be used to measure the effects of sex education. It is suggested that further study is needed to analyze the relationship between sexual autonomy and sexual behavior.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 1985

The mechanism of reproductive cycle of longchin goby Chasmichthys dolichognathus was investigated for the annual variations of gonadosomatic index(GSI), histological changes of gonad, reproductive cycle, and initiating and terminating factors of the breeding season. The experimental fish were captured in the tide pool of Tongbaeksom, Pusan, Korea from February 1983 to September 1984. Experimental fish for the study of initiating and terminating factors of the breeding season were maintained in filtered recirculating aquariums and exposed to various temperature and photoperiod regimes. The ovary is a pair of sac-shaped organ, and the testicular structure is tubular and it is connected to the seminal vesicle which is located at the posterior end of the testis. GSI began to increase from February when the water temperature began to increase and reached peak in April. It began to decrease from August, the top water temperature season, and maintained relatively low values until January. The annual reproductive cycle includes successive six developmental stages : early growing from December to February, late growing from January to March, early mature from February to May, late mature and ripe from March to August, spawning from April to July, degeneration and resting stage from May to December. An experimental study based on the reproductive cycle of this species indicated that rising temperature under long photoperiod during spring stimulated gonadal maturation, whereas terminating factor of the breeding season with recrudescence of the gonads was demonstrated as high water temperature during summer regardless of photoperiod.