• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.555-568
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• 2023

The diffusion strategies of wood culture were established using the analytic hierarchy process, to prepare a diffusion plan of wood culture and wood utilization in response to climate change due to global warming. 'Standardization of wood culture', 'Valuation of wood culture', and 'Habituation of wood culture' were set as three major implementation strategies and priorities were evaluated. As a result, it was analyzed in the following order: 'Development of systematic education programs for each age group for rational and efficient use of eco-friendly wood materials and development of wood education standard guidelines linked to the curriculum', 'Preparation of scientific basis data on human compatibility and eco-friendliness of wood to ensure the reliability of wood and wood products', and 'Establishment of monitoring and improvement plan through the designation as a model school'. Through this, it was determined that an educational environment, changes in public attitudes through publicity, and expanding opportunities to use wood and wood products were necessary for wood culture diffusion. The results of this study can be used as basic data to derive the diffusion strategies of wood culture and establish a roadmap and policy implementation strategy to revitalize wood culture.

• Water for future
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 1976

These studies are aimed at the analysis of systematic variation pattern of water resources in Korean river catchments and the development of their simulation models from the stochastic analysis of monthly and annual hydrologic data as main elements of water resources, i.e. rainfall and streamflow. In the analysis, monthly & annual rainfall records in Soul, Taegu, Pusan and Kwangju and streamflow records at the main gauging stations in Han, Nakdong and Geum river were used. Firstly, the systematic variation pattern of annual streamflow was found by the exponential function relationship between their standard deviations and mean values of log-annual runoff. Secondly, stochastic characteristics of annual rainfall & streamflow series were studied by the correlogram Monte Carlo method and a single season model of 1st-order Markov type were applied and compared in the simulation of annual hydrologic series. In the simulation, single season model of Markov type showed better results than LN-model and the simulated data were fit well with historical data. But it was noticed that LN-model gave quite better results in the simulation of annual rainfall. Thirdly, stochastic characteristics of monthly rainfall & streamflow series were also studied by the correlogram and spectrum analysis, and then the Model-C, which was developed and applied for the synthesis of monthly perennial streamflow by lst author and is a Markov type model with transformed skewed random number, was used in the simulation of monthly hydrologic series. In the simulation, it was proved that Model-C was fit well for extended area in Korea and also applicable for menthly rainfall as well as monthly streamflow.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.59-74
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• 2015

This study aims to estimate optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caught by the offshore Stow Net and the offshore Gill Net fisheries using the current value Hamiltonian method and the surplus production model. As analyzing processes, firstly, this study uses the Gavaris general linear model to estimate standardized fishing efforts of yellow croaker caught by the above multiple fisheries. Secondly, this study applies the Clarke Yoshimoto Pooley(CY&P) model among the various exponential growth models to estimate intrinsic growth rate(r), environmental carrying capacity(K), and catchability coefficient(q) of yellow croaker which inhabits in offshore area of Korea. Thirdly, the study determines optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker using the current value Hamiltonian method which is including average landing price of yellow croaker, average unit cost of fishing efforts, and social discount rate based on standard of the Korean Development Institute. Finally, this study tries sensitivity analysis to understand changes in optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caused by changes in economic and biological parameters. As results drawn by the current value Hamiltonian model, the optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caught by the multiple fisheries were estimated as 19,173 ton, 101,644 horse power, and 146,144 ton respectively. In addition, as results of sensitivity analysis, firstly, if the social discount rate and the average landing price of yellow croaker continuously increase, the optimal harvesting production of yellow croaker increases at decreasing rate and then finally slightly decreases due to decreases in stock levels of yellow croaker. Secondly, if the average unit cost of fishing efforts continuously increases, the optimal fishing efforts of the multiple fisheries decreases, but the optimal stock level of yellow croaker increases. The optimal harvest starts climbing and then continuously decreases due to increases in the average unit cost. Thirdly, when the intrinsic growth rate of yellow croaker increases, the optimal harvest, fishing efforts, and stock level all continuously increase. In conclusion, this study suggests that the optimal harvesting production and fishing efforts were much less than actual harvesting production(35,279 ton) and estimated standardized fishing efforts(175,512 horse power) in 2013. This result implies that yellow croaker has been overfished due to excessive fishing efforts. Efficient management and conservative policy on stock of yellow croaker need to be urgently implemented.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Roughness is the most important factor to maintain the road performance, and affects greatly on the design life in Jointed Plain Concrete pavements. Also, the factors the evaluate pavement‘s commonality is the three method such as functionality, safety and structural performance. In evaluating function of road, representative factors is the roughness, which has been used to determine maintenance time as key standard. As research for roughness is absence in pavement design. Applied roughness-model had a low-reliability in Korea. Therefore, it is needed to develop reliable model in road roughness. In this research, uniform specific is applied to distribute them after selecting the concrete pavements. Concrete pavement is divided by sections of 238. Total length of this sections has 281km and account for 16% of total road length in korean concrete pavements for selected sections. Considering the korean roughness-model, the evaluation of roughness is performed for the freezing index, average annual rainfall, condition for the base, the amount of traffic as well as spalling(%), cracking(%), age(year) at the selected section at the selected section. Also, additional sections is selected to evaluate various age which affects on the roughness. As a result of the analysis, it showed that spalling(%), cracking(%), age(year), and the condition of the base affected road roughness. When the correlation with the road roughness was analyzed, the reliable model for road roughness was proposed, and the ratio that can explain road roughness was R2-68.8% and P value-0 which is statistically meaningful.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.127-147
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• 2020

The world is suffering from numerous human and economic losses due to the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The Korean government established a strategy to overcome the national infectious disease crisis through research and development. It is difficult to find distinctive features and changes in a specific R&D field when using the existing technical classification or science and technology standard classification. Recently, a few studies have been conducted to establish a classification system to provide information about the investment research areas of infectious diseases in Korea through a comparative analysis of Korea government-funded research projects. However, these studies did not provide the necessary information for establishing cooperative research strategies among countries in the infectious diseases, which is required as an execution plan to achieve the goals of national health security and fostering new growth industries. Therefore, it is inevitable to study information services based on the classification system and classification model for establishing a national collaborative R&D strategy. Seven classification - Diagnosis_biomarker, Drug_discovery, Epidemiology, Evaluation_validation, Mechanism_signaling pathway, Prediction, and Vaccine_therapeutic antibody - systems were derived through reviewing infectious diseases-related national-funded research projects of South Korea. A classification system model was trained by combining Scopus data with a bidirectional RNN model. The classification performance of the final model secured robustness with an accuracy of over 90%. In order to conduct the empirical study, an infectious disease classification system was applied to the coronavirus-related research and development projects of major countries such as the STAR Metrics (National Institutes of Health) and NSF (National Science Foundation) of the United States(US), the CORDIS (Community Research & Development Information Service)of the European Union(EU), and the KAKEN (Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research) of Japan. It can be seen that the research and development trends of infectious diseases (coronavirus) in major countries are mostly concentrated in the prediction that deals with predicting success for clinical trials at the new drug development stage or predicting toxicity that causes side effects. The intriguing result is that for all of these nations, the portion of national investment in the vaccine_therapeutic antibody, which is recognized as an area of research and development aimed at the development of vaccines and treatments, was also very small (5.1%). It indirectly explained the reason of the poor development of vaccines and treatments. Based on the result of examining the investment status of coronavirus-related research projects through comparative analysis by country, it was found that the US and Japan are relatively evenly investing in all infectious diseases-related research areas, while Europe has relatively large investments in specific research areas such as diagnosis_biomarker. Moreover, the information on major coronavirus-related research organizations in major countries was provided by the classification system, thereby allowing establishing an international collaborative R&D projects.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.42-52
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• 2021

The cost of remodeling parking lots of apartment houses accounts for about 20 percent of the total cost of remodeling. This means that when the remodeling cost of the underground parking lot is known, it becomes possible to estimate the total construction cost. The standard of estimation referenced when calculating the construction cost is difficult to apply to calculating the remodeling cost. Thus, a construction cost estimation model that reflects the characteristics of remodeling construction is necessary. This study developed a basic construction cost estimation model for expansion remodeling of underground parking lots of apartment houses that calculates the approximate cost of construction by reflecting the characteristics and design elements of remodeling. Based on literature review and consultation with experts, 37 activities of underground parking lot remodeling construction were derived. In order to enable calculation of approximate construction cost before the remodeling design drawing is finalized, the quantity calculation formula and unit price for each activity were presented. Based on expert advice, 13 factors that affect the increase in construction cost and weights of each factor were determined. As a result of applying three cases of remodeling complexes to the basic cost estimation model, the accuracy was confirmed to be 93 percent on average.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.113-132
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• 2007

Price rigidity involves prices that do not change with the regularity predicted by standard economic theory. It is of long-standing interest for firms, industries and the economy as a whole. However, due to the difficulty of measuring price rigidity and price adjustments directly, only a few studies have attempted to provide empirical evidence for explanatory theories from Economics and Marketing. This paper proposes and validates a research model to examine different theories of price rigidity and to predict what variables can explain the observed empirical regularities and variations in price adjustment patterns of Internet-based retailers. I specify and test a model using more than 3 million daily observations on 385 books, 118 DVDs and 154 CDs, sold by 22 Internet-based retailers that were collected over a 676-day period from March 2003 to February 2005. I obtained a number of interesting findings from the estimation of our logit model. First, quality seems to play a role-I find that both price levels as proxies for store quality, and information on the quality of a product consumers have, affect online price rigidity. Second, greater competition(i.e., less industry concentration) leads to less price rigidity(i.e., more price changes) on the Internet. I also find that Internet-based sellers more frequently change the prices of popular products, and the sellers with broader product coverage change prices less frequently, which seem due to economic forces faced by these Internet-based sellers. To the best of my knowledge, this research is the first to empirically assess price rigidity patterns for multiple industries in Internet-based retailing, and attempt to explain the variation in these patterns. I found that price changes are more likely to be driven by quality, competitive and economic considerations. These results speak to both the IS and economics literatures. To the IS literature these results suggest we take economic considerations into account in more sophisticated ways. The existence and variation in price rigidity argue that simplistic assumptions about frictionless and completely flexible digital prices do not capture the richness of pricing behavior on the Internet. The quality, competitive and economic forces identified in this model suggest promising directions for future theoretical and empirical work on their role in these technologically changing markets. To the economics literature these results offer new evidence on the sources of price rigidity, which can then be incorporated into the development of models of pricing at the firm, industry and even macro-economic level of analysis. It also suggests that there is much to be learned through interdisciplinary research between the IS, economics and related business disciplines.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.581-600
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• 2013

The current status of atmospheric environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been summerized and future prospective for effective and accurate atmospheric EIA has been proposed by reviewing available papers and reports for the atmospheric EIA. The number of reports for the EIA in the EIA support system which is operated by the Korean Environmental Institute have been dramatically decreased from 282 reports in 2008 to 113 reports in 2012 during recent five years. This is partially due to simplification of the EIA procedure, the contraction of the public development and economic recession. We analyzed details of the EIA report to review how actual atmospheric EIA has preformed according to the EIA guidelines from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The 264 reports of EIA published in 2011 and 2012 had been reviewed especially focusing on the atmospheric evaluation items such as meteorology, air quality measurement and modeling, odor measurement and modeling, wind corridor in urban planning, and climate change. In overall sense, the atmospheric EIA has been performed quite well by abiding the guidelines except for local meteorological data measurement, permit standard for air quality and wind corridor. The new approaches to improve the procedure of atmospheric EIA and to reflect future of national air quality standard of $PM_{2.5}$ have been proposed. The guidelines on how to evaluate the wind corridor, to implement atmospheric EIA for $PM_{2.5}$ permit, and how to acquire local meteorological data by combining local measurement and model prediction are required for the effective and future oriented atmospheric EIA.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.107-130
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics that indicate scientifically gifted students by analyzing the verbal interactions in developmental biology inquiry-experimental classes. The subjects were 20 first-grade middle school students who were participating in SNU Science Gifted Education Center. In these experimental classes which were developed based on the CPS Model, we conducted a total of four experimental sessions of small group discussions, and the students' verbal interactions were both taped and video recorded, and observed. From the transcriptions, the patterns of question-answer and the characteristics of scientifically gifted students were analyzed. In the case of question-answer patterns, thinking questions appeared 3~6 times more frequently than the standard information questions. Especially, the case of experimental class I showed 40% more thinking questions as well as standard information questions that the other 3 classes. Through the results of analysing verbal interactions, we were able to find more detailed aspects to creativity that were not identifiable in paper-pencil examinations, as well as affective characteristics such as task commitment and leadership. We believe our findings upon inquiry will be of substantial significance in substituting for the paper-pencil examination in distinguishing and selecting scientifically gifted students.