• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate lead(Pb) detoxification with different dietary protein levels and detoxifying periods in Pb poisoned rats. Forty nine male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 114$\pm$4g were used and they were fed 1% Pb-15% casein diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. After sacrifying 7 animals as control group, remaining forty two rats were blocked into 6 groups according to body weight. Three groups were fed each detoxifying diet(5%, 15% or 40% casein diet without Pb) for 1 week and the other 3 groups were fed same diets for 3 weeks. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1) Liver and kidney weight, bone weight, and bone length were increased with increasing dietary protein level and detoxifying period. 2) Hematocrit values were recovered to normal level during detoxifiying periods but hemoglobin contents in detoxifying diet groups showed no significant difference from those in control group. 3)Pb contents in blood were decreased with increasing dietary protein level, and Pb contents in liver were significantly decreased in high protein diet groups. Pb contents in kidney were significantly decreased during detoxifying period compared to control group, but no significant difference was shown within the detoxifying diet groups. Pb contents in femur were significantly decreased after 3 weeks of detoxifying period but no difference was shown with different dietary protein level. 4) Urinary Pb excretions were significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level. Fecal Pb excretions were remarkably decreased after 3 weeks of detoxifying period, but no difference was showen in fecal Pb excretions with different dietary protein level. Above results suggest that high protein diet improves Pb detoxification by increasing urinary Pb excretion.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.839-847
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• 2020

In the present study, an anaerobic microbial consortium for the degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was selectively enriched with the co-addition of RDX and starch under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Microbial growth and anaerobic RDX biodegradation were effectively enhanced by the co-addition of RDX and starch, which resulted in increased RDX biotransformation to nitroso derivatives at a greater specific degradation rate than those for previously reported anaerobic RDX-degrading bacteria (isolates). The accumulation of the most toxic RDX degradation intermediate (MNX [hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine]) was significantly reduced by starch addition, suggesting improved RDX detoxification by the co-addition of RDX and starch. The subsequent MiSeq sequencing that targeted the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Sporolactobacillus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus populations were involved in the enhanced anaerobic RDX degradation. These results suggest that these three bacterial populations are important for anaerobic RDX degradation and detoxification. The findings from this work imply that the Sporolactobacillus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus dominant microbial consortium may be valuable for the development of bioremediation resources for RDX-contaminated environments.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 2014

Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is defined as a clinically symptomatic periapical lesion. RPI is generally accompanied by symptoms of pain, tenderness, swelling and fistula. Several etiologic factors of RPI were possible, residual bacteria would be the main cause of RPI. Various treatment modalities have been introduced: debridement only or a combination of debridement with the grafting material accompanied by a detoxification of the infected implant surfaces, apicoectomy and so on. Although the definitive management methods remain undefined, many favorable clinical results of a treatment of RPI have been published. This case report introduces the 7-year long-term clinical result of the application the principle: implant surface detoxification using saline and chlorhexidine and guided bone regeneration with bone graft material and barrier membrane. If the implant was not mobile, it would be possible to treat RPI according to surgical approach and good results will be maintained over long term.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2008

Studies on hypoxia-signaling pathways have revealed novel Fe(II) and $\alpha$-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that hydroxylate prolyl or asparaginyl residues of a transactivator, Hypoxia-Inducible $Factor-\alpha(HIF-\alpha)$ protein. The recognition of these unprecedented dioxygenases has led to open a new paradigm that the hydroxylation mediates an instant post-translational modification of a protein in response to the changes in cellular concentrations of oxygen, reducing agents, or $\alpha$-ketoglutarate. Activity of $HIF-\alpha$ is repressed by two hydroxylases. One is $HIF-\alpha$ specific prolyl-hydroxylases, referred as prolyl-hydroxylase domain(PHD). The other is $HIF-\alpha$ specific asparaginyl-hydroxylase, referred as factor-inhibiting HIF-1(FIH-1). The facts (i) that many dioxygenases commonly use molecular oxygen and reducing agents during detoxification of xenobiotics, (ii) that detoxification reaction produces radicals and reactive oxygen species, and (iii) that activities of both PHD and FIH-1 are regulated by the changes in the balance between oxygen species and reducing agents, imply the possibility that the activity of $HIF-\alpha$ can be increased during detoxification process. The importance of $HIF-\alpha$ in cancer and ischemic diseases has been emphasized since its target genes mediate various hypoxic responses including angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, glycolysis, pH balance, metastasis, invasion and cell survival. Therefore, activators of PHDs and FIH-1 can be potential anticancer drugs which could reduce the activity of HIF, whereas inhibitors, for preventing ischemic diseases. This review highlights these novel dioxygenases, PHDs and FIH-1 as specific target against not only cancers but also ischemic diseases.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 1977

These studies were carried out to detect the presence of mycotoxin fungi and detoxification of toxins in various kinds of grain and foodstuffs in Korea. The experiments were divided into three parts: mycologic, toxicologic and electron microscopic study. The resuIts were summarized as follows: 1. From the 210 various, samples(local grains, 150 samples; rice-cakes, 50 samples; meju, 10 samples), 1,205 colonies or fungi were isolated. In 1,127 of 1,205 colonies, it was possible to identify 21 genera. Among the identified strains, the predominant genera were Aspergillus sp.(28.5%), Penicillium sp.(27.1%) and Mucor sp.(7.8%). 2. In cytotoxicity test on HeLa cells, 25 strains showed severe toxic effects among the 240 strains of experiments. 3. In histopathologic test on mice, 21 strains showed severe toxic effect to mouse liver cells among the 240 tested strains. 4. In electron microscopic studies of HeLa cells and mouse liver cells from animal which had been treated with crude toxin, the liver cells showed the cytoplasmic change: dillatation or vacuolization of endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of mitochondria and disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, increased number of lipid and glycogen particles. Nucleus and nucelar envelope alterations, were also noted. 5. In the detoxification study with ultraviolet irradiation, 90% of the toxic substances were denatured by the ultraviolet light irradiation for 24 hours. 6. As a mass screening, the cytotoxicity test of HeLa cells and histopathologic study of mice liver cells treated with culture filtrates, employed and feasible to detect mycotoxin producing fungi.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 1990

Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) is mainly produced by marine dinoflagellates such as Protogonyaulax sp. and Pyrodinium sp.. The PSP was known to be accumulated in digestive gland of shellfish as result of feeding toxic dinoflagellates. PSP illness when occurs when one eats PSP intoxicated shellfish. Therefore PSP is becoming as serious problem in food hygiene and shellfish cultivation industry. The purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for utilization of PSP intoxicated sea mussel and prevent from PSP illness. The PSP was extracted with 0.1 N HCl solution from the submitted sea mussel, then the toxicity was measured by mouse assay according to Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. No detoxification effect was observed by adding extracted juice of garlic and ginger. When the sea mussel homogenate was heated at various temperatures, the PSP toxicity was not changed significantly at below $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes but it was decreased as the heating temperature was increased. For example, when the sea mussel homogenate was heated at 100, $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, the toxicity was decreased about 67 and 90%, respectively. When the sea mussel containing 645 $\mu$g PSP per 100g of edible meat was processed according to general shellfish canning procedure, the toxicity was decreased as the level of PSP undetected by mouse assay.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-368
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Korean native plant diets on lipid and cadmium (Cd) metabolisms and also antioxidative enzyme activities in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 210.3$\pm$2.7g were blocked into ten groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with diets containing 0 or 0.04%(w/w) cadmium chloride and 5%(w/w) plant powder-Ssook(Artemisia princeps var. orientalis HARA), Chamchwi(Aster scaber THUNB), Gomchwi(Lingularia fischeri TUBCZ). or Solbeerum (Portulaca oleracea LINNE). Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat were significantly lower in Cd-exposed groups, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat were significanlty lower in Cd-exposed groups. Plasma total lipid level, liver total lipid, cholesterol and triglycerde concentrations, and fecal total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride excretions were decreased by Cd administration. Total lipid and triglyceride concentration in plasma and liver were lower in Chamchwi groups together with increased fecal total lipid and triglyceride excretions. Cholesterol concentration in plasma and liver were lower in Gomchwi groups with increased fecal cholesterol excretions. Activities of red-blood-cell superoxide dismutase(SOD), and liver catalase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were decreased significantly by Cd administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of plasma and liver were increased by Cd administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentration of plasma and liver were increased by Cd administration. Administration of plant diets decreased plasma and liver catalase, SOD and GSH-px activities in Cd-free diet groups and increased them in Cd-administered groups. Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations were decreased in animals fed plant diets, with Chamchwi showing the most effective antioxidative capacity. The concentration of Cd accumulated in blood and tissue decreased in Cd-exposed groups fed plant diets. Liver Cd concentration were lower in the Chamchwi and Gomchwi groups, and kidney Cd levels were lower in the Ssook and Chamchwi groups. Among them, Chamchwi was the most effective in Cd detoxification. In conclusion, Chamchwi and Gomchwi were effective in lowering tissue lipid levels, with Chamchwi having the greatest antioxidative and detoxifying effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

The effects of the DWP-04 [DDB:selenium yeast:glutathione (31.1 : 6.8 : 62.1 (w/w%)] on acetaminophen detoxification enzyme system were studied in rats. Treatment with DWP-04 was prevented againt acetaminophen-induiced hepatotoxicity in rat as evidenced by the decreased formation of lipid peroxide. Effect of DWP-04 on the activities of free radical-generating enzymes, free radical scavenging enzymes and glutathione-related enzymes as well as detoxification mechanism of DWP-04 against acetaminophen-treated was investigated in rat. Activities of cytochrome p450, cytochrome b5, aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as free radical-generating enzymes activities were decreased by the treatment with DWP-04 against acetaminophen treated. Although acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity results in the significantly decrease in the level of hepatic glutathione and activities of glutathine S-transferase, quinone reductase, glutathione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamyl-$cysteine synthetase, these decreasing effects were markedly lowered in the DWP-04-treated rat. Therefore, it was concluded that the mechanism for the observed preventive effect of DWP-04 against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was associated with the decreased activities in the free radical-generating enzyme system.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2012

T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, belong to type A trichothecences, are the most toxic mycotoxins among the trichothecene family. These mycotoxins are commonly found in cereals such as maize, wheat, barley, oats and rice, and their occurrence in food can be of concern. This review investigated the current trends of patents and researches on T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin pertaining to natural occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, risk assessment, analytical and screening methods, and reduction/detoxification techniques. As compared with other $Fusarium$ mycotoxins, there are limited data for natural occurrence and risk assessment, and regulatory limit and official analytical methods on T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in domestic and foreign countries. In particular, selective deacetylation at the C3 and/or C4 positions of T-2 toxin by carboxyesterase present in foods was reported to cause the disappearance of T-2 and the extremely high HT-2 recoveries. Currently, regulatory limits for T-2 and HT-2 are under discussion in EU. For enforcement purposes it is essential to have available precise and reliable analytical methods applicable at the regulatory levels for the T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin and relevant commodities. In addition, a further study on natural occurrence, risk assessment and reduction/detoxification techniques will be recommended.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2015

Gamrosu is a modified fasting therapy beverage (431 kcal/d). A retrospective observational study was conducted to investigate the detoxification feasibility of Gamrosu. Three cases were reviewed which participants have finished the fasting with Garmrosu for 10 consecutive days. Detoxification profiles of Gamrosu were reviewed at pre- and post-fasting sessions. Post-Gamrosu session, -6.3% of average weight, -6.5% of average body fat mass and -6.6% of average muscle mass were reduced with the nutrition indices being improved. The inflammation indices showed the significant diminished profiles. Liver/kidney functions and the standard of electrolytes were maintained within normal range in stable manners, however, marginal elevation of total bilirubin and mild ketoacidosis were observed. The indices of oxidative stress decreased and those of antioxidative activity increased. The fatigue scale scores indicated lower scores except insomnia symptom. Taken together, detoxification profiles of Gamrosu were sufficiently feasible and the observed findings should be considered for further clinical studies.