• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.3 s.104
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• pp.205-218
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• 2004

The aims of this study were to investigate the differences in the early craniofacial morphology of Class III malocclusions with good, fair and poor occlusal stability and to elucidate a key determinant for distinguishing the cases. Lateral cephalograms of 30 subjects with Class III malocclusion in the mixed dentition were analyzed at the start of treatment (mean age of $8.58\pm1.47$). All subjects were reevaluated after a mean period of $7.50\pm1.94$ years comprising active treatment and retention. At this time, the samples were divided into three groups: good (10 subjects), fair (10 subjects) and poor (10 subjects) occlusal stability groups. According to the results of ANOVA, there were significant morphological differences in the early stage among the good, fair and poor occlusat stability groups, especially in variables that represented the vertical skeletal relationships. As well, there were already more dental compensations in the poor occlusal stability group. Stepwise discriminant analysis on the measurements at the time of first observation identified only one predictive variable: AB to mandibular plane angle(AB-MP). With this discriminant function, $83.3\%$of the original grouped cases were correctly classified and the canonical correlation coefficient was 0.857. In conclusion, AB-MP can be a possible predictor for the eventual prognosis of early Class III treatment. If it is below 60, the prognosis of early Class III treatment is expected to be poor, while if it is above 65, a good prognosis is expected.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-382
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• 2016

The results from the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of the Mobile Observation Vehicle (MOVE) on the eastern coast of Korea have been compared with REFerence (REF) values from the fixed GPS sites to assess the performance of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) retrievals in a kinematic environment. MOVE-PWV retrievals had comparatively similar trends and fairly good agreements with REF-PWV with a Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of 7.4 mm and $R^2$ of 0.61, indicating statistical significance with a p-value of 0.01. PWV retrievals from the June cases showed better agreement than those of the other month cases, with a mean bias of 2.1 mm and RMSE of 3.8 mm. We further investigated the relationships of the determinant factors of GPS signals with the PWV retrievals for detailed error analysis. As a result, both MultiPath (MP) errors of L1 and L2 pseudo-range had the best indices for the June cases, 0.75-0.99 m. We also found that both Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values in the June cases were better than those in other cases. That is, the analytical results of the key factors such as MP errors, PDOP, and SNR that can affect GPS signals should be considered for obtaining more stable performance. The data of MOVE can be used to provide water vapor information with high spatial and temporal resolutions in the case of dramatic changes of severe weather such as those frequently occurring in the Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.227-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic factors affecting scores of Olympic Round Game during follow through which was basic and important in archery. For this study, 8 male archers($20{\pm}1\;yrs$, $77{\pm}13kg$, $178{\pm}5\;cm$) of K university participated in the experiment. The seven infrared cameras (Qualisys MCU-240) were used to acquire raw data, and analyzed with Matlab6.5 for variables. The results were as follows: First, angular average velocity of shoulder joint affecting scores was a statistical significance (p=.65, p<.10), and the regression equation was y = - 0.0637 x + 17.074, and determinant coefficient $R^2$ = 0.874 respectively. Second, good records was acquired about $120^{\circ}$/sec. of angular average velocity of shoulder joint. Third, as records was lower and lower, a peak-pulse on angular average velocity of shoulder joint was great during follow through. In conclusion, the record was greater as angular average velocity of shoulder joint was smaller and smaller from $110^{\circ}$/sec. to $160^{\circ}$/sec. It is suggested that a lower angular average velocity of shoulder joint and no peak-pulse may obtain good scores during follow through.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.56-83
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic materials needed to enhance quality of organizational life by identifying the improvements of labor union management in the perspective of general hospital organization management. The subject of this study were 686 employees in 12 General Hospitals in Metro Capital including Seoul. Materials were collected from administrators, nurses and medical technicians in target hospitals from March 20 to May 10, 2005 through survey questionnaires. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. the commitment level of the subjects according to their characteristics was higher in older employees than the younger ones, large family to support than small family to support and those who had higher positions in labor union. 2. The commitment level of the subjects according to the job and role related variables were higher those who had higher satisfaction level to their job and manager, role conflict in all hospitals. 3. The commitment level of the subjects according to union related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer was satistically significant positive correlation. In other words, the commitment level of the subjects according to the subjects' labor union involvement was higher in those who had higher satisfaction in labor union and perceived their colleagues' attitudes more positively in all hospitals. Regarding the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer and the level of commitment in labor union, the better the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer was, the higher the level of commitment in labor union was in all hospitals. 4. The results of multiple regression analysis shows that formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union management cooperation program, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the labor union's were all found as important antecedents of labor union commitment. 5. Job and role-related variables, union-related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer, and labor union commitment level were all found significantly different in accordance with the characteristics of unions concerned. To summarize study results, the level of commitment in labor union depends on job satisfaction, manager's attitudes, satisfaction to their jobs, union satisfaction, their colleagues attitudes toward union and the atmosphere of employer-employee relationship. Therefore hospital managers should have democratic and flexible attitudes toward labor union. Additionally, as formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union-management cooperation program is important determinant in union commitment, hospital managers should have countermeasures to enhance the colleague attitude and job satisfaction level of hospital employees. Since this study deals with psychological nature of workers not a few drawbacks and shortcomings may be detected in the finding. Nevertheless, the finding of this study, to become a momentum that will stimulate further research to detect all the cues of labor union commitment and to provide valuable reference in forming logical union commitment and labor union-management cooperation.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.15-36
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• 2005

This study is concerned with selling alliance in the internet shopping services, which is generally used by portal sites in recent and that is a typical form of strategic alliance. This study tried to find the relationship between. consumer's attitude and alliance performance. The authors investigated them in the field. then searched the reasons and determinants of selling alliance performance. As a result of field investigation, the authors found that the traffic of the portal site was not proportionated to the sales of internet shopping mall and this was not consistent with general expectation, With the analysis of it, the authors found that attitudes to the sites (brands) allianced in On-line and recognition of fitting between them had influenced positively on the attitude and purchase intention to alliance services. Moreover, unlike the attitude to the portal sites, the attitude to the internet shopping mall had positively influenced directly on the purchase intention. The other hand. from the view of influence power on the attitude to the allianced shopping service, the recognition of fitting between the sites was the factor which had the least effect of all factors. Compared with Off-line, this is interesting aspect of On-line. So in the On-line selling alliance, be careful of consideration for not only prior attitudes to the partners(portal and shopping mall) but also the fitness between them and make it in the mind that the attitude to shopping mall has greater influence upon the purchase intention than that to portal site.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1996

Escherichia coli is one of the most common etiological agents in urinary tract infection. An important virulence factor is the adhesive capacity of E. coli to uroepithelial cell, mediated by bacterial fimbriae. The Adhesion property has been regarded as an important virulence determinant in urinary tract infections. A total of 60 patients, who were diagnosed microbiologically as urinary tract infections, were examined by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Uropathogenic E. coli with recombinant plasmid were positive for mannose resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). For identification of p-fimbriae subtype in uropathogenic E. coli, In the immunoblot analysis, specific bands in the range of p-fimbriae molecular weight of 17KD-22KD were identified. For the distribution of p-fimbriae subtype in the patient sera, 34/60(56.7%) were positive for $F7_1$, 28/60(46.7%) were positive for $F7_2$, and 30/60(50%) were positive for F13 with immunoblotting method. similar trends were observed in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relatively good specificity(92.6%) and sensitivity(90%) were found in the ELISA test system using mixed antigens of purified $F7_1$, $F7_2$, and F13 p-fimbriae, and 60 sera from patients with urinary tract infections. In conclusion The serological tests were convenient method in diagnosis of urinary tract infections. among those ELISA could be recommended in diagnosis of urinary tract infections.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.90-101
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• 2018

Strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa) is a globally-cultivated and popular fruit crop, prized for its flavor and nutritional value. Sweetness, a key determinant of fruit quality, depends on the sugar composition and concentration. We selected eight strawberry cultivars based on the fruit soluble solids content to represent high and low sugar content groups. The average soluble solid content was $13.6^{\circ}Brix$ (Okmae, Geumsil, Aram, and Maehyang) and $2.9^{\circ}Brix$ (Missionary, Camino Real, Portola, and Gilgyung53), for the high and low sugar content groups, respectively. Sucrose was the main sugar in the cultivars with high sugar content, whereas fructose was the main component in the low sugar content cultivars. Fruit starch concentration ranged from $3.247{\pm}0.056$ to $3.850{\pm}0.055g/100g$, with a 12% higher concentration in the high sugar content cultivars. Additionally, we identified 41 sugar metabolism-related genes in Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa and analyzed the relationship between their transcripts and the sugar accumulation in fruit. FaGPT1, FaTMT1, FaHXK1, FaPHS1, FaINVA-3, and FacxINV2-1 were highly expressed in the high sugar content cultivars, while FapGlcT, FaTMT2-1, FaPHS2-1, FaSUSY1-1, and FaSUSY1-2 were highly expressed in the low sugar content cultivars. In general, a greater number of genes encoding sugar transporters or involved in sugar synthesis were highly expressed in the high sugar content cultivars. Contrarily, genes involved in sugar degradation were preferentially transcribed in the low sugar content cultivars. Although gene expression was not perfectly proportional to sugar content or concentration, our analysis of the genes involved in sugar metabolism and accumulation in strawberries provides a framework for further studies and for the subsequent engineering of sugar metabolism to enhance fruit quality.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.467-476
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• 2010

Object : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of atherosclerosis risk factors and pulse wave velocity (PWV) of carotid-femoral artery with Sasang constitution. This study also aimed to investigate the relationship between PWV and risk factors of atherosclerosis, including serum cholesterol and homosisteine, hs-CRP. Methods : We enrolled 160 patients without experience strokes who visited our hospital for a medical examination from January 1, 2008 to April 30, 2010 except patients whose body constitutions were undetermined according to QSCCII. We investigated the correlation between serum cholesterol values, blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), homosistein, hs-CRP and PWV. Pearson's correlation and partial correlation analysis were applied to examine the relationship between PWV and risk factors of atherosclerosis. Result : Among the 160 subjects, 54 were Taeumin, 54 were Soyangin, and 52 were Soeumin. The prevalences of high BMI (P-value <0.01), high hs-CRP(P-value <0.05), and high PWV(P-value <0.05) of Taeumin were higher than those of the other constitutions. PWV of carotid-femoral artery was significantly different among the three constitutional groups(Taeumin: $8.12{\pm}1.64m/sec$, Soyangin: $7.48{\pm}1.16m/sec$, Soeumin: $7.49{\pm}1.12m/sec$)(P-value <0.05). This research has show a statistical significance between the average amount of carotid-femoral artery PWV that is higher in Taeumin. Age factor of Taeumin was the effective determinant of the increase of mean PWV of carotid-femoral arteries. Conclusions : There were significant differences in the prevalence of atherosclerosis according to Sasang constitution. This study showed that atherosclerosis was more prevalent in Taeumin. Therefore, according to our results, risk of atherosclerosis was higher in Taeumin than among other constitutions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1629-1640
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• 2015

This study was performed to compare carcass traits, sensory characteristics, physiochemical composition, and contents of nucleotides, collagen, and free amino acids among quality grades (QG) and to understand the association between QG and above parameters in loin and rump of Korean cattle steer. Loin and rump samples were obtained from 48 Korean cattle steers with each of four QG (QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2; average 32 months of age). Carcass weight and marbling score (MS) were highest in QG 1++, whereas texture score measured by a meat grader was highest in QG 2. A correlation analysis revealed that MS (r = 0.98; p<0.01) and fat content (r = 0.73; p<0.01) had strong positive correlations with QG and that texture had a strong negative correlation (r = -0.78) with QG. Fat content in loin was highest but protein and moisture contents were lowest in QG 1++. Our results confirmed that a major determinant of QG is the MS; thus, intramuscular fat content. The International Commission on Illumination $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values in loin were highest in QG 1++. Numeric values of shear force in loin were lowest in QG 1++, whereas those of tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability tended to be highest in QG 1++ without statistical significance. QG was strongly correlated with juiciness (r = 0.81; p<0.01) and overall acceptability (r = 0.87; p<0.001). All sensory characteristics were higher (p<0.05) in loin than those in rump. Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) contents in both loin and rump did not differ among QGs. No nucleotide (AMP, IMP, inosine, hypoxanthine) was correlated with any of the sensory traits. Total, soluble, and insoluble collagen contents in loin were higher in QG 1++ than those in QG 1. All three collagens had lower content in loin than that in rump. All three collagens were positively correlated with tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability. Glutamic acid content did not significantly differ among the four QGs in either loin or rump. In conclusion, it is confirmed that QG is associated with sensory traits but nucleotide contents in beef may not be a major factor determining meat palatability in the present study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1075-1083
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• 2015

Adipose tissue deposited within muscle fibers, known as intramuscular fat (IMF or marbling), is a major determinant of meat quality and thereby affects its economic value. The biological mechanisms that determine IMF content are therefore of interest. In this study, 48 genes involved in the bovine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, which is involved in lipid metabolism, were investigated to identify candidate genes associated with IMF in the longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Ten genes, retinoid X receptor alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), phospholipid transfer protein, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase long chain (ACADL), acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 2 branched chain, and fatty acid binding protein 4, showed significant effects with regard to IMF and were differentially expressed between the low- and high-marbled groups (p<0.05). Analysis of the gene co-expression network based on Pearson's correlation coefficients identified 10 up-regulated genes in the high-marbled group that formed a major cluster. Among these genes, the PPARG-FABP4 gene pair exhibited the strongest correlation in the network. Glycerol kinase was found to play a role in mediating activation of the differentially expressed genes. We categorized the 10 significantly differentially expressed genes into the corresponding downstream pathways and investigated the direct interactive relationships among these genes. We suggest that fatty acid oxidation is the major downstream pathway affecting IMF content. The PPARG/RXRA complex triggers activation of target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation resulting in increased triglyceride formation by ATP production. Our findings highlight candidate genes associated with the IMF content of the loin muscle of Korean cattle and provide insight into the biological mechanisms that determine adipose deposition within muscle.