• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

They are raising the necessity to prepare the conservational management strategy for the trail on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan where deterioration of natural environment along the trail as the rapid increase of visitors to the Baekdudaegan. The purpose of this study, followed after the Kwon and Lee(2003), is to research the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae on the Baekdudaegan. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 182 points for 32.3km in length. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae is not reached the level of grave concern yet, but some points and sections of trail are in urgent need of the integrated and organized maintenance. And some managerial strategies of trail were proposed in connection with the maintenance for trail on the Baekdudaegan ridge.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.465-474
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• 2003

According to rapid increase of visitors to the Baekdudaegan, the most important ecosystem in Korea, fur climbing or outdoor recreation, deterioration of natural environment along the trail on the ridge of Baekdudaegan is becoming more serious. The purpose of this study is to research the deterioration condition of the trail between Manbokdae and Bokseongijae on the Baekdudaegan with intent to prepare the conservational management strategy fur the trail on the ridge of Baekdudaegan. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 232 points for 28.4km in length. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Putting together these results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail between Manbokdae and Bokseongijae is not reached the level of grave concern yet, but prompt countermeasure to maintain the existing condition has to be considered with regard for the conditions of location and the increasing amounts of use.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 2021

We conducted a study to identify the relationships between the investigated factors and provide a methodology and generate data by applying deterioration classes to the Seonjaryeong Forest Trail (4.3 km) in the Baekdudaegan Ridge. The average trail width (1.7 m) and bare width (1.4 m) were wider than those obtained in the previous studies. The frequency of trail deterioration was also high. Specific data on deterioration classes were obtained and evaluated using qualitative criteria. Specific data for heavy class stands at 20.1% in trail grade, 13.3 cm on average, and 16.1 cm in the center of erosion depth, 16.2 cm of CSA, 12.3 kg/cm (20.1 mm) on average and maximum 39.3 kg/cm (29.6 mm) of soil hardness. We observed a positive correlation between the deterioration class and trail grade, and the average and maximum soil erosion depths of the hill side were deeper than those of the ridge. The soil hardness data showed a statistically significant difference in terms of the transect site and calculation method (㎏/㎠, mm). Therefore, trail deterioration was observed at the sites having ≥20% trail grade; thus, continuous monitoring at fixed sites over time will be required for sustainability. Furthermore, the trail grade should be of the utmost priority in trail design and management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.827-834
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide scientific data to support policy making on core area management in national parks, particularly to resolve conflict regarding trail closure, by analyzing the physical characteristics of trails in the Seoraksan and Songnisan National Park on the Baekdudaegan mountains. For the analysis, we surveyed 112 points selected from three sections and one section of closed trails in Seoraksan and Songnisan, respectively (17.1 km in total). The surveyed trails had, on average, trail width of 0.98m, baresoil width of 0.84 m, maximum erosion depth of 11.6cm, and trail slope of 14.2%. Of 53 out of 112 surveyed points (47.3%), we found exposed roots. Only 47 points (42.0%) did not show any type of physical deterioration. The magnitudes of deterioration in the surveyed closed-trail are relatively lower than those in open-trail in other national parks and are similar to those of ridge trails on the Baekdudaegan mountains.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1431-1442
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• 2015

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae-Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was II degree, I degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.303-317
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for restoration and management of trails by assessing the physical environments, the types of deterioration and the naturalness on trails located in the Sogeumgang, Hwarang and Seoak districts of Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The Sogeumgang was 5.9m, 1.1m of the Hwarang and 1.8m of the Seoak district in trail width. In the bared width of trail, the Sogeumgang was 3.9m, 0.9m of the Hwarang and 1.7m of the Seoak district. In the depth of erosion, the Sogeumgang was 37.1cm, 14.2cm of the Hwarang and Seoak district. The Sogeumgang was $16.8^{\circ}$, $13.1^{\circ}$ of the Hwarang and $12.2^{\circ}$ of the Seoak district in longitudinal slope. In the left and right of transect slope, the Sogeumgang was $18.3^{\circ}$ and $12.6^{\circ}$, $18.0^{\circ}$ and $21.3^{\circ}$ of the Hwarang and $15.3^{\circ}$ and $22.7^{\circ}$ of the Seoak district. In the left, middle and right of soil hardness, the Sogeumgang was 29.9mm, 34.7mm and 31.1mm, 27.6mm, 35.0mm and 27.2mm of the Hwarang and 27.1mm, 30.8mm and 28.0mm of the Seoak district. The types of deterioration in trails were 10 types of the Sogeumgang, 11 types of the Hwarang and 9 types of the Seoak district. The trail erosion, rock exposure and root exposure were substantially observed in the types of deterioration. In the results of the naturalness assessment, the Hwarang district was a good condition, but the Sogeumgang district was bad. The indicators of the Sogeumgang district were mostly poor.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.589-597
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• 2021

In this study, corrosion depth equation was suggested according to real measured corrosion data, and then management indexes of pipe network which can determine the deterioration rate and safety rate has been established and applied to real pipe networks. Furthermore, reliability analysis and management index analysis have been conducted to estimate and compare the deterioration rate. From the results of reliability analysis, it was found that probability of failure of 200 mm steel pipe can be increased from 4.36% at present time to 8.23% after 20years at Gaduk and from 7.35% to 12.99% at Nami. From the results of management index analysis, it was found that deterioration rates of Gaduk and Nami are 1.009 and 1.174, respectively. Priority of improvement and replacement of water pipe can be determined by results of reliability analysis and management index analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.14-18
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• 2001

Rise in cutting force causes tool damage and worsens product quality resulting in machining accuracy deterioration. Especially, fragile material cutting brings about breakage of material and worsens product surface quality. In this study, we trace the locus of cutting force and examine the machined surface corresponding to the cutting force loci. and build up a monitoring system for deciding normal operation or not of cutting process.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

The study was performed for the purpose of obtaining the fundamental data to improve the durability of concrete structures due to de-icing salts. To assume the degree of concrete deterioration, soluble chloride content in concrete, the depth of carbonation and compressive strength of core specimens were measured. The porgress of corrosion of concrete bridge was electrochemically monitored. The results show that the concrete structure was deteriorated and reinforced steel in concrete was corroded due to de-icing salts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04b
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• pp.633-636
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• 1998

This study is performed for the purpose of obtaining the fundamental datum to analyse the cause of steel corrosion in concrete and establish the repair strategies of deteriorated reinforced concrete structures due to steel corrosion. To investigate the degree of concrete deterioration, soluble chloride content in harden concrete, the depth of carbonation, cover depth and compressive strength are measured. The progress of corrosion of concrete bridge is electrochemically evaluated. The result shows that in approximately 43% of the structures below -350mV(vs. CSE), the exessive chloride contents is a direct cause of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.