• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.499-506
• /
• 2007

This study aims to propose evaluation methods of chemical washing performance and estimate the washing capability by flowing detergent/water solution for application to home appliances such as dishwashers. Standard pollutant is stearic acid. A numerical study is also tried using a SIMPLER code. Preliminary experiments are performed by varying the concentration and temperature of the solution. From the pre-experiments, 10 minute pre-curing time is found to be necessary to remove the stearic acid. Stoichiometric ratio and detergent consumption coefficient of reaction between the detergent and stearic are estimated following a proposed method. Washing experiments of pollutant to compare with the numerical results are performed. The relative errors between the experimental and the numerical results with pre-curing time included are less than 7%. In conclusion, important mechanisms of chemical washing are revealed and methods of predicting washing performance are well established.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 2005

본 연구에서는 국내에서 반추가축용 조사료 원으로 많이 사용하고 있는 화본과 수입조사료 6종(bermuda grass hay, klein grass hay, oat hay, orchard grass straw, tall fescue straw and timothy hay)에 대하여 최근 NRC의 nutrient requirements of daily cattle(7th revised edition, 2001)에서 권장하는 사료의 영양성분 분석방법에 따라 일반조성분과 함께 heat-stable $\alpha-amylase$ treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin(ADL), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein(NDICP)과 acid detergent insoluble crude protein(ADICP) 등의 함량을 분석하고 영양성분간의 Pearson의 상관계수를 산출하였다. 조사료에 따라 다소 차이는 있으나 oat hay는 CP와 NDICP(p<0.05), CP와 ADICP(p<0.01)의 상관관계가 높게 나타났고, orchard grass straw는 CP와 NDICP의 상관관계가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). Tall fescue straw도 CP와 NDICP의 상관관계가 높게 나타났으며(p<0.01), timothy hay는 CP와 ADICP의 상관관계가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). Klein grass hay는 CF와 aNDF (p<0.01), oat hay는 CF와 ADF(p<0.05), orchard grass straw는 CF와 ADL(p<0.05), tall fescue straw는 CF와 aNDF(p<0.01), CF와 ADF(p<0.01), timothy hay는 CF와 aNDF(p<0.01), CF와ADF(p<0.05), CF와 ADL(p<0.01)에서 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이렇게 영양성분 간에 상관관계가 높은 성분들 간에는 앞으로 조사료의 영양성분에 영향을 미치는 제 요인들을 고정하여 상관관계를 조사하고, 분석점수를 많이 하여 회귀식을 만들 수 있다면 수입조사료 평가에 실질적인 적용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.38-42
• /
• 1970

Bacillus subtilis가 생산하는 효소 Tamylase (상품명)는 시판되는 여러 가지의 합성세제 중 "써니"와 배합해서 효소배합 합성세제로 사용할 때, 가장 좋았으며 amylase 활성에 관하여 측정해본 결과는 "써니"의 세탁에 사용되는 농도(0.2%)에서 그 활성이 90%이상 유지되고 있었으며 세제의 농도가 짙어질수록 효소활성은 감퇴되었고 최적반응조건으로는 기질의 pH $5{\sim}6.5$에서 $ 40^{\circ}C$도 30분 정도 반응시키는 것이 이상적이다. 또한 철 ion에 의해서는 효소활성에 저해를 받으며 내열성은 낮은 편이었고 효소분말과 세제분말을 혼합하였을 때, 저장성이 우수했다. Paper disc method와 cork borer method에 의해서 측정된 proteolytic activity 는 세제를 가했을 때, 그 농도가 세탁에 사용되는 농도, 즉, 0.2% 부근에서는 거의 안정하였다. 그러나 농도가 짙어지면 상당한 활성의 저해를 보여 주었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.250-257
• /
• 2021

Laundry industry has traditionally been considered an industry that generates large amounts of wastewater and Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). This is still the case until now. Household laundry detergents are produced and distributed within the safety regulations on the amount of harmful substances detected. While industrial laundry detergents are often distributed without safety regulations, and even laundry workers manufacture and use them on their own. This contaminates water and air and also threatens the safety of workers. This study is a basic study for distributing eco-friendly detergents(EFD-A) developed through previous studies to the laundry industry. Safety, washability and wastewater quality of EFD-A are evaluated. Three existing commercial detergents(PD1, PD2, LD4) are also evaluated to compare with EFD-A. The safety of detergents is confirmed by the content of optical brightener, VOCs, and arsenic. Washability is evaluated by the difference in reflectance of washed and unwashed artificial soiled fabrics according to detergent concentration, washing temperature, and washing time. TOC is used as the index of assessing the wastewater quality. The results are as follows; EFD-A doesn't contain the optical brighteners, VOCs, and arsenic. The optimal washing conditions for EFD-A are 3 g/L concentration, 40 ℃ washing temperature, and 30 min washing time. The soil removal efficiency is about 71 %, which was similar to or somewhat superior to that of PD1, PD2, and LD4. TOC is 63.5 %, which is about 15 % lower than the discharge limit. Through this study, the developed detergent EFD-A can be used as a safe and eco-friendly detergent for the human body and the environment.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this research is to improve sustainable clothes care by comparing household washer's standard course and quick course. Detergency at each course was classified by laundry weight, detergent concentration, and soils. Also, fabric damage from each course was compared. Washing experiments were carried out using two types of washing machines and three types of detergents. Using the standard soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set, detergency was compared by laundry weight, soil, and detergent concentration. Additionally, fabric damage was evaluated using the mechanical action of MA-40. The results of the research were as follows. First, a standard course, having more working time exhibited better detergency than a quick course. However, the detergency deviation under 6kg laundry weight was as low as 9.0%. Second, detergency by the type of soil was more effective in standard course than in a quick course, but hydrophilic protein soils had a small detergency deviation at 7.6%. Moreover, hydrophobic oil, complex, and particulate soils had a higher deviation at 19.7% Third, fabric damage was in proportion to operating time. Fourth, a quick course showed approximately 80% detergency regardless of the type of detergent. in the case of using 50% of the recommended allowance by the detergent manufacturer. In conclusion, reducing the operating washing time and detergent concentration is in accordance with increasing sustainability, in the case of washing with lightly soiled fabrics under 6kg of laundry weight.

• 한국가구학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.353-363
• /
• 2014

Design of the container was designed to be able to have a sense of security by emphasizing the points and easy to use sophisticated in order to match the image of the company in an environmentally friendly form of the whole. The design of the natural detergent container, because the container itself is to prevent related bar closely with water, a slip, with an emphasis on the form of fish swim, looks the handle of the oval for the harmony of the entire container I was used to the point. The image extraction in the ordinary, you can design by applying the curve of streamlined feet of thin in order to emphasize the image of honest companies, oval fuselage top, easily without slipping and harmony of the image of the entire container in view of the functional aspects can grab to, which is designed to enter the interior. The design of the natural environment detergent container industry, it was incorporated as much as possible to the vessel and corporate image and sense of stability and the proportion of the overall shape, the basic concepts, the form on the productivity and functionality in the field of design, through the change and simplicity, with an emphasis on merchantability.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.39-54
• /
• 1994

I am going to survey major topics relating to the title by analyzing the following statistical data. 1 : Global trend of production and import of oil and relating materials 2 : Global trend of major oil production 3 : Capacity of Japanese factory for oil production 4 : Situation of mechanical expression based on raw materials 5 : Change of production amounts of Oil products 6 : Oil production of each items 7 : Imported amounts of oil products 8 : Vegetable oil meals, production, import and global trend 9 : Production of mayonnaise, dressing and edible processing oils 10 : Intake of nutrients, supply of lipids, and consumption of oils 11 : Global production of oleochemicals 12 : Sales amount of oleochemicals 13 : Capacities of fatty acid and fatty alcohol factories 14 : Oleochemical production in 1995 15 : Oleochemical procuction in asia 16 : Production of surfactants for industrial use 17 : Sales amount of detergents and washing materials 18 : Production of soap and synthetic detergent in Japan 19 : Consumption of soap. detergent, and synthetic detergent 20: Relation beween synthetic detergent production and popularization 21 : Biodegradability of soft detergent

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2014

Nowdays, costumer's washing behavior were often times for remove to light-duty dirt. The purpose of this study is to provide the most effective washing conditions of detergent concentration and temperature conditions for help save energy and water resources required to the washing process. Washing conditions were as follows: 2 kinds of detergents and 4 types of artificially soiled fabrics were used. Detergent concentration was 0%, -10%, and -20% below the recommended conc. of manufacturer's standard. Temperature of bath was $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The results of this study were as follows: First, washing performances of all kind of artificially soiled fabric improved as the temperature of bath at $40^{\circ}C$. Second, the test was conducted under the condition of decreasing respectively -10% and -20% below of the recommended concentration of manufacturer's standard detergent. The average of washing efficiency was not considerably affected by the reduction of 10% below of manufacturer's standard. Third, in case of the water temperature were $20^{\circ}C$, polyester/cotton blended fiber were higher degree of washing efficiency than cotton fiber.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 2001

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides ponder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R R ratio($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. All titanium dioxides m characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface mea of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalyses. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts on the Photocatalytic foundation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90%, of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.1085-1092
• /
• 2002

Changes in laundering habits and the efficacy claims made for oxygen bleach added to detergents necessitate a deeper investigation into the testing of the washing efficacy of detergents and washing process. The effect of the addition of a sodium percarbonate and bleach activator TAED to an enzyme containing detergent on the soil removal and antimicrobial properties were investigated with the measuring of residual H$_2$O$_2$. The addition of sodium percarbonates to enzyme containing detergent lowered the soil removal of EMPA 116 cloth. But sodium percarbonates had greater effects on that of colored stained cloths such as EMPA 115 and artificially soiled with wine and red pepper while they were presoaked at 20$^{\circ}C$ or higher for So minutes or longer. Most of hydrogen peroxide was remained after washing. Over 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus on the cotton cloth was removed in every washing solutions, but the cloth washed with enzyme containing detergent or detergent with oxygen bleach didn't show the antimicrobial property.