• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2011

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of pre- and post-weaning feeding programs on growth of pigs. A total of 24 litters (avg. 10.6 piglets/litter) born from multiparous (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) dams ${\times}$ Duroc sires were provided with neither creep feed (CF) nor milk replacer ("CON"), 200 gm CF/litter/d from the 15th day of lactation ("MIN"), or CF and milk replacer ad libitum for 7 h during the daytime from the 7th day ("MAX") through weaning at d 21 of age. Sixty-eight weanling pigs selected randomly from each of CON and MIN were provided with phases 1, 2 and 3 nursery diets for 7, 14, and 13 days, respectively, in two pens; an equal number of piglets from MAX received the same diets for 6, 10, and 18 days, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs were fed grower 1 and 2 diets sequentially up to d 95 and 135, respectively. The entire pre- and post-weaning feeding trial was repeated three times under a split-plot design of experiment. Initial and final weights and ADG of the suckling pigs did not differ between MAX/MIN and CON. However, final wt of MAX adjusted for initial wt, which was 0.17-kg less in MAX than in CON, was greater than that of CON by 0.31kg, whereas the difference between MIN and CON in final wt barely changed after the adjustment. Growth of the animals during the nursery and growing phases was not affected by the feeding program, whereas d 55 and 135 BW, as well as d 6 BW, were highly correlated with weaning weight (r=0.81, 0.57, and 0.76; P<0.001, <0.05, and <0.001, respectively). In conclusion, results suggest that provision of creep feed and milk replacer from early lactation may be effective for increasing weight gain of light piglets, but that limited provision of creep feed during late lactation or extension of the duration of phases 1 and 2 vs. 3 nursery diets for several days is unlikely to influence the growth of pigs during the corresponding and subsequent periods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2004

Experiment was carried out to find the fertilizing effects of 8 different application rates of swine compost fermented with sawdust(SCS) including Chemical fertilizer(CF) on forage yield and soil chemical characteristics of mixed pastures sown in Sep. 1993 at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon during low years. It was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Dry matter yield were shown at similar among treatments except Control and $50\%$ SCS of standard amount plot. In botanical composition, the legume and weeds percentages of each treatment were increased as advancing year. The final year's legume percentage were high in line with SCS fertilizing plots($39\%{\sim}43\%$), SCS + CF plots($30\%{\sim}41\%$) and CF plot($32\%$). In productions of TDN, NE and crude protein yield, SCS or SCS($75\%$) + CF($25\%$) were nearly same comparing those of CF, respectively. Phosphate, potassium, magnesium contents and K/(Ca + Mg) except calcium contents of those SCS fertilizing plots in plant were generally high with comparing CF. Those contents were proportional according to the fertilizing amount These result indicate the possibility to substitute chemical fertilizer for SCS($75\%$, 25ton/ha) + CF, $25\%$) as manure-N 210 kg/ha, but might be considered accumulation phosphate in the soil.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1999

A field plot experiment was carried out on mixed pasture from October 1995 to October 1997 to examine the effect of weed control as affected by the difference of mixed pasture species, planning with spilt plot design which main plots of 2 treatments (companion crop Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum and Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis) are divided into subplots of 4 treatments (T1: single companion crop, T2: Tall fescue Festuca arundinasea + Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata + Ladino clover Trifolium repens, T3 : Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne + orchardgrass + ladino clover, T4 : orchardgrass + ladino clover). Average 2 year-dry matter yields of companion crops as whole plots, Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, were 15,437kg/ha and 14,629kg/ha, respectively and those of T1, T2, T3 and T4 as sub plots were 14,815, 15,407, 14,629 and 15,187kg/ha respectively without statistical1y significant difference(P>0.05). Though there was no significant difference between the dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, as whole plots, at 1st harvest of second year, dry matter yields of T3 and T4, as 4,591kg/ha and 4,816kg/ha respectively, were higher than those of T1, 3,376kg/ha(P<0.05), significantly. There was a significant difference among 2nd year-average DM yields of sub plots(P<0.05), showing highest with T4 15,131kg/ha and least with T1 13,085kg/ha and T3 13,269kg/ha. Italian ryegrass, as the companion crop, was better for the control of weeds in the early spring than Kentucky bluegrass, but reached to the similar botanical composition level with Kentucky bluegrass after summer with rapid decrease of Italian ryegrass. Percentage of Kentucky bluegrass in botanical composition increased slowly, but did'nt become an important factor for the control of weeds at the end of this experiment. Using orchardgrass in mixed pasture such as T2, T3 and T4 made weeds more decreased in mixed pasture than one in single conpanion crop. There was no difference among treatments of whole or sub plots in crude protein contents of pasture taken in this study. Contents of NDF and ADF of companion crop. Italian ryegrass plots harvested in October 1997 were hither than those of Kentucky bluegrass plots(P<0.05). ADF contents of Kentucky blue grass-plots taken in July 1997 has shown to be high significantly as compared to those of Italian ryegrass plots(P<0.01). The results of this study support that the companion crop Italian ryegrass was good for weed controls only in spring of 1st year after sowing and orchardgrass in mixed pastures played good roles for increase of dry matter yield and weed control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.314-322
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• 1989

For the improvement of nursery condition and the study of eco-physiological characteristics of Pinus koraiensis(2-2) seedlings, the primary productivity was investigated and the growth characteristics and their correlationship were analyzed from May to September in 1987. Seedlings used in this study were grown at the nursery of Experimental Forestry of Kyung Hee Univ. The installation of experimental plots were divided into control plot (100%), 63%, 37% and 19% relative light intensity, and each relative light intensity plots were split into $15{\times}15/m^2$, $12{\times}12/m^2$, $9{\times}9/m^2$ and $6{\times}6/m^2$ plnting density by randomized black design method. To take into account the edge effect of plant population, material were selected from each plot by random sampling at 30 days interval. Each sampled material was divided into leaf and stem drived in a drying oven at the temperature of $85^{\circ}C$ until it had constant weight and weighed. and leaf area was surveyed. Growth analysis for RGR and NAR was done by Blackman method and correlation coefficient were investigated between RGR and NAR by analyzing the dry matter production and growth characteristics of the material, cultivated on the experimental nursery under the condition of different treatment the obtained result were as follows : 1. The increasing rate of dry matter was similar at early stage of growth, but not at late stage. 2. Leaf area growth was the maximum value at 63% relative light intensity and the minimum at 19% RLI 3. The value of RGR was the highest on June under $6{\times}6/m^2$ planting density in 63% relative light intensity, the lowest on September under $12{\times}12/m^2$ of 19% relative light intensity. 4. The change NAR decreased in early stage of growth, while it increased on August and September, The value of RGR on June under $6{\times}6/m^2$ planting density in 100 light intensity was the highest, and on September under $12{\times}12/m^2$ planting density in 19% relative light intensity was the lowest. 5. Regression and correlation between RGR and NAR showed significantly positive.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 1985

This field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of thirteen different fertilizer levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, mineral constituents of product and tree growth forest pasture with 40-50% shading. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design and performed in the suburban forest of Suweon in 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Crude protein content and total protein yield were higher in the plot of 28 and 42kg $N/_{10a}$, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ level, while those were the lowest in zero fertilizer and N-zero fertilizer plots. 2. The contents of lignin and silica were significantly low in the high N fertilizer level, and the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose were not affected by different fertilizer levels. However, the content of crude fiber tended to be low with high N, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. 3. The contents of N,K and $SiO_2$ of grasses were influenced by different fertilizer levels. However, those of P,Ca,Ma and Na showed little differences. 4. The recovery percentage of NPK was higher in the plot of standard fertilizer level with 28-20-24 kg/10a, and higher recovery percentage was observed in $K_2O$, followed by N and $P_2O_5$ in that order. 5. The growth of tree was increased as the level of N fertilizer was increased, but no such trend was noted by $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ levels. 6. Crude protein, crude fiber, some mineral contituents of grasses, and growth of tree were influenced by N level, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. And the optimum fertilizer level of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ seemed to be 28-20-24 kg/10a for the production of grasses with higher quality and more yield in the forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 2018

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been increased continuously over the world and concerns about the potential risks of GM crops have also been increasing. Even though GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea, it should be necessary to develop the safety assesment technology for GM crops. In this study, we investigated the influence of heading date difference on gene flow from GM to non-GM rice. In the experimental plot design, The PAC GM rice was placed in the center as a pollen donor and non-GM rice were placed in eight directions as pollen receivers. Five pollen receiver rice cultivars were Unkawng, Daebo, Saegyejinmi, Nakdong-byeo, and Ilmi which had different flowering times. A total of 266,436, 300,237, 305,223, 273,373, and 290,759 seeds were collected from Unkawng, Daebo, Saegyejinmi, Nakdong, and Ilmi, respectively, which were planted around PAC GM rice. The GM${\times}$non-GM hybrids were detected by repeated spraying of herbicide and PAT immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using PAC gene specific primer. The hybrids were found in Nakdong-byeo which had the same heading date with PAC GM rice. The hybridization rate was 0.0007% at Nakdong-byeo plot. All of GM${\times}$non-GM hybrids were located within 2 m distance from the PAC GM rice zone. The physiological elements including rice heading date were found to be important factors to determine GM?rice out crossing rate with GM rice. Consideration should be taken into for many factors like the physiological elements of field heading date of rice cultivars to set up the safety management guideline for prevention of GM rice gene flow.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2022

The planting date of corn for silage has been delayed because of spring drought and double cropping system in Korea. This experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage production and feed value of corn at April and May in 2019. Experimental design was a split-plot with three replications. Planting dates (12 April and 10 May) were designated to the main plot, and corn hybrids ('P0928', 'P1543' and 'P2088') to the subplot. The silking days of the early planting date (12 April) was 79 days and that of the late planting date (10 May) was 66 days (p<0.0001), however, there were no significant differences among the corn hybrids. Ear height of the late planting date was higher than that of the early planting (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences in plant height of corn. Insect resistance at the early planting was lower than that of late planting (p<0.05), however, lodging resistance was no significant difference at planting date. The rice black streaked virus (RBSDV) infection of early planting was 3.7% and that of late planting was 0.3% (p<0.001). Dry matter (DM) contents of stover, ear and whole plant had significant difference at planting date (p<0.05). And differences in ear percentages were observed among the corn hybrids (p<0.01). And ear percentages of early maturing corn ('P0928') was higher than for other hybrids. Ear percentage at the early planting date was higher than that at the late planting date (p<0.01). DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields had significant difference at planting date, however, there were no significant differences among the corn hybrids. DM and TDN yields at the late planting (21,678 kg/ha and 14,878 kg/ha) were higher than those of the early planting (13,732 kg/ha and 9,830 kg/ha). Crude protein content at the early planting date was higher than that of the late planting. Acid detergent fiber content of the late planting was lower than that of the early planting date (p<0.01), while there were no significant neutral detergent fiber content difference among the corn tested. Calculated net energy for lactation (NE_L) and TDN at the early planting were higher than those of at the late planting (p<0.01). Results of this our study indicate that the late planting date (May) is better than early planting date (April) in forage yield and feed value of corn. Therefore, the delay of planting date by May was more suitable for use in cropping system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.126-135
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• 2007

This study was conducted to identify the effects of the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise on the brain power, HRV, pulsation, live blood condition among young boys and girls. The study was performed with two group(control group and experimental group) in a pre-test/post-test design. The subjects were 44 young boys and girls selected by a some middle school in Busan. The oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program consists of 80-minute sessions three times a week over 5 months. All of the subjects were examined on the congnition assessment tool, stress assessment tool, oriental medicine pulsation 3-D MAC, live blood condition analyzer Prior and post surveys were measured before and after the experiment. In the cognition assessment, the amplitude of ERS were increased afer Qigong Exercise. The Success and the Concentration were significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise, the Error was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. The Cognition strength was significantly increased, but the Reponse time was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. And the Workload was not significantly decreased, the Total Score was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Among the stress assessment, RRV tachogram's ‘mean RR’ was significantly increased, ‘mean HRV’ was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. SDNN was not significantly increased, Complexity was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. And TP(RRV power's total power) was not significantly increased, VLF and HF was significantly increased, and LF was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. ANS's norm LF was not significantly decreased, but norm HF was significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. In the RRV's Phase Plot, RMSSD and SDSD were not significantly increased, pnn50 was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. On the whole, Parasympathetic Activity and Stress Endurance were significantly increased, but Cardiac Activity and Physical Arousal were not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Cardiac Aging was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. Sympathetic Activity, Autonomic Nervous System Balance and Heart-load were not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. In the pulsation, press power was increased(15%), and w/t(pressurization time / pulsation time) was decreased(20%) afer Oigong Exercise. And the live blood condition was not changed afer Qigong Exercise. As mentioned above; the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program was identified the effects of the inspiration of the brain power, heart rate and anti-stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.758-765
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• 1999

Comparative studies of the effects of rates and frequency of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa and various forage grasses have not previously been conducted. The results being reported here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing the effectiveness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), various grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from applied dairy slurry. The objectives of this part of the study were to evaluate the effects of various rates and frequencies of application of slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa-orchanrdgreass and alfalfa-reed canarygrass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting management system. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and time of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots consisted of the two grasses and two alfalfa-grass mixture mentioned above. Slurry was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall housing barn and water added to form a slurry having about 8% solids. Manure was pumped from a liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden water cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields within species were generally unaffected by various rates of application in the first production year. Herbage yields of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures the second year were generally not affected by frequency of application for the same rate of slurry applied. Slurry application resulted in greater herbage yield increases in grasses than alfalfa-grass mixtures in the 4-cutting management system. In general, herbage dry matter yields of grasses from the dairy slurry treatments equaled or exceeded yields from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Stand ratings of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures were not changed by manure application rates. In this study, the highest rate of slurry ($967kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1995 plus $2,014kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1996) was not detrimental to herbage yields or stand persistence of any of the species. It was concluded that applying dairy slurry to these cool-season grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures managed in a 4-cutting system is an acceptable practice from the standpoint of herbage yield and satnd persistence and by doing so the utilization of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.766-771
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• 1999

The first paper of this series compared the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yields and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting system. This paper compares the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa, orchardgrass, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and alfalfa-orchardgrass mixture managed as a 5-cutting system. The results presented here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing alfalfa, various grasses, and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from dairy slurry applied to established stands. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and frequency of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots were the forage species. Manure used for the study was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall dairy barn. Water was added to from a slurry having about 8 % solids. Slurry was pumped from the liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden watering cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields of alfalfa, tall fescue, and alfalfa-orchardgrass were generally not affected by slurry application rates and were not significantly different from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Tall fescue significantly outyielded all other forage species at all manure and the inorganic fertilizer treatments in the second year when rainfall during the growing season was unusually high. Grasses generally had a greater response to manure applications than alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Increasing rates of manure did not increase herbage yields of alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Herbage yields within each species were not affected by frequency of application of the same total rate. Stand ratings of alfalfa, orcahrdgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass were significantly lower for the very high manure application rate compared to the control treatment. Based upon the results of this study, multiple annual applications of slurry manure can be made onto these species at rates up to $1,700kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ without detrimental effects on herbage yield and stand persistence.