• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.540-545
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• 2012

Background Patients have anxiety and fear of complications due to general anesthesia. Through new instruments and local anesthetic drugs, a variety of anesthetic methods have been introduced. These methods keep hospital costs down and save time for patients. In particular, the target-controlled infusion (TCI) system maintains a relatively accurate level of plasma concentration, so the depth of anesthesia can be adjusted more easily. We conducted this study to examine whether intravenous anesthesia using the TCI system with propofol and remifentanil would be an effective method of anesthesia in breast augmentation. Methods This study recruited 100 patients who underwent breast augmentation surgery from February to August 2011. Intravenous anesthesia was performed with 10 mg/mL propofol and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ remifentanil simultaneously administered using two separate modules of a continuous computer-assisted TCI system. The average target concentration was set at 2 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 2 ng/mL for propofol and remifentanil, respectively, and titrated against clinical effect and vital signs. Oxygen saturation, electrocardiography, and respiratory status were continuously measured during surgery. Blood pressure was measured at 5-minute intervals. Information collected includes total duration of surgery, dose of drugs administered during surgery, memory about surgery, and side effects. Results Intraoperatively, there was transient hypotension in two cases and hypoxia in three cases. However, there were no serious complications due to anesthesia such as respiratory difficulty, deep vein thrombosis, or malignant hypertension, for which an endotracheal intubation or reversal agent would have been needed. All the patients were discharged on the day of surgery and able to ambulate normally. Conclusions Our results indicate that anesthetic methods, where the TCI of propofol and remifentanil is used, might replace general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in breast augmentation surgery.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.139-144
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• 2007

Radiotherapy which is the most effective for orbit lymphoma has been used increasingly due to the increase of orbit or ocular adnexal tumor patients. Curative effects and convalescence have been being more satisfied thanks to remarkable development of cancer chemotherapy and medical treatments, but side effects such as cataract, dry eye and retinopathy still break out. Thus, in this study, a Lens Shielding Device (LSD hereafter) was designed to prevent occurring of cataract due to radiation therapy for orbit lymphoma and its efficacy through dosimetry were evaluated. And in this paper, its manufacturing process was also explained. LSD is composed of a cover body covering the lens and a side fixing part supporting the cover body. To measure radiation, the patient therapy conditions were simulated and the measurement of the radiation was conducted with Thermo Luminescence Detector (TLD) and Markus chamber. The average TLD value was 5.7% and the TLD value and Markus chamber value were acquired as 4.2% and 5.1% respectively at 6 mm depth where zero lens center was located. Only 1.5Gy ($300Gy{\times}\;5%$) or 5% of total 30Gy with 9 MeV electron beam is estimated to affect on patient's lens. That is smaller dose than the threshold value of cataract (2GY) or the value (5Gy) that was reported to cause cataract in clinical conditions. Thus, these findings suggest that LSD be very useful for prevention of cataract during radiotherapy for malignant lymphoma of orbit and ocular adnexa. Furthermore, it might be possible to reduce patient's discomfort caused by alien substances and to make it easier to fix the device with customized manufacturing manners.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.210-217
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• 2015

Fluoride removal by acid and heat treated red mud were studied in batch and column system regarding contact time, initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and filter depth. The results showed that acid treated with 0.8 M HCl, had highest adsorption capacity of fluoride and adsorption capacity decreased as heat treatment temperature increased. Sorption equilibrium reached in 30 min at a initial concentration of 50 mg-F/L but 1 h was required to reach the sorption equilibrium at the initial concentration of 500 mg-F/L by 0.8 M acid treated red mud (0.8 M-ATRM). Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model with maximum fluoride adsorption capacity of 23.162 mg/g. The fluoride adsorption decreased as pH increased due to the fluoride competition for favorable adsorption site with $OH^-$ at higher pH. Removal percentage was increased but the amount of adsorption per unit mass decreased by adding the amount of 0.8 M-ATRM. It was concluded that the 0.8 M-ATRM could be used as a potential adsorbent for the fluoride removal from aqueous solutions because of its high fluoride adsorption capacity and low cost.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2014

The width of depletion region in a varactor diode can be modulated by varying a reverse bias voltage. Thus, the preferred characteristics of depletion capacitance can obtained by the change in the width of depletion region so that it can select only the desirable frequencies. In this paper, the TV tuner varactor diode fabricated by hyper-abrupt profile control technique is presented. This diode can be operated within 3.3 V of driving voltage with capability of UHF band tuning. To form the hyperabrupt profile, firstly, p+ high concentration shallow junction with $0.2{\mu}m$ of junction depth and $1E+20ions/cm^3$ of surface concentration was formed using $BF_2$ implantation source. Simulation results optimized important factors such as epitaxial thickness and dose quality, diffusion time of n+ layer. To form steep hyper-abrupt profile, Formed n+ profile implanted the $PH_3$ source at Si(100) n-type epitaxial layer that has resistivity of $1.4{\Omega}cm$ and thickness of $2.4{\mu}m$ using p+ high concentration Shallow junction. Aluminum containing to 1% of Si was used as a electrode metal. Area of electrode was $30,200{\mu}m^2$. The C-V and Q-V electric characteristics were investigated by using impedance Analyzer (HP4291B). By controlling of concentration profile by n+ dosage at p+ high concentration shallow junction, the device with maximum $L_F$ at -1.5 V and 21.5~3.47 pF at 0.3~3.3 V was fabricated. We got the appropriate device in driving voltage 3.3 V having hyper-abrupt junction that profile order (m factor) is about -3/2. The deviation of capacitance by hyper-abrupt junction with C0.3 V of initial capacitance is due to the deviation of thermal process, ion implantation and diffusion. The deviation of initial capacitance at 0.3 V can be reduced by control of thermal process tolerance using RTP on wafer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.106-106
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• 1995

A polysaccharide, G009, isolated from Ganoderma lucidum IY009 subjected to investigating on general pharmacology. This material at the large oral doses of 1000 and 2000mg/kg in mice did neither exhibit any abnormal behaviors nor effects on central nervous system. It also had no influences on hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, rotarod test and spontaneous activity test at each oral dose of 1000mg/kg in mice. No effects on the body temperature and on acetic acid induced writhing syndrome in mice were observed with its oral administration at 1000mg/kg, and the convulsions induced by strychnine and pentetrazole were not inhibited at its oral doses of 1000mg/kg in mice. The solution of G009 as given intravenously at the doses of 30 and 60mg/kg in rabbit had no influences on blood pressure and respiration rates and depth. In isolated organs of rat uterus and fundus muscles and guinea-pig ileum and trachea, it did not show any contraction or relaxation at the concentration of 2$\times$10$^{-3}$g/ml, and the contractive actions produced by oxytocin, acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine did not inhibited by the same doses. This material showed no effect on intestinal propulsion test in mice and gastric secretion in rats at the oral doses of 1000mg/kg. However, it is interesting that the material exhibited potent inhibition of acidified aspirin induced gastric damage at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2001

Single or dual ion implantations were performed onto the transparent polyethylene terephthalate(PET) sheet, and the surface hardness and the light transmittance in the visual-UV range were examined. Nanoindentation showed that the surface hardness was the highest at about 50 nm depth from the surface and was increased by about 3 times when nitrogen ions were implanted with energy and dose of 90 keV and $1\times10^{15}\textrm{/cm}^2$ respectively. When dual ions such as He+N and N+C ions were implanted into PET, the hardness was increased even more than the case only N ions were implanted. Especially, when PET were implanted with N+C dual ions, the surface hardness of PET increased 5 times more as compared to when implanted with N ions alone. The light at the 550 nm wavelength(visual range) transmitted more than 85%, which is close to that of as-received PET, and at the wavelength below 300 nm(UV range) the rays were absorbed more than 95% as traveling through the sheet. implying that there are processing parameters which the ion implanted PET maintains the transparency and absorbs the UV rays. It can be considered that the increase in the hardness of polymeric materials is attributed to not only cross linking but also forming hard inclusions such as hard C-N compounds, as evidenced by the formation of the highest hardness when both N and C ions are implanted onto PET.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2002

A practical calculation algorithm which calculates the relative output factor(ROF) for irregular shaped electron field has been developed and evaluated the accuracy of the algorithm. The algorithm adapted two-source model, which assumes that the electron dose can be express as sum of the primary source component and the scattered component from the shielding block. Original two-source model has been modified in order to make the algorithm simpler and to reduce the number of parameters needed in the calculation, while the calculation error remains within clinical tolerance range. The primary source is assumed to have Gaussian distribution, while the scattered component follows the inverse square law. Depth and angular dependency of the primary and the scattered are ignored ROF can be calculated with three parameters such as, the effective source distance, the variance of primary source, and the scattering power of the block. The coefficients are obtained from the square shaped-block measurements and the algorithm is confirmed from the rectangular or irregular shaped-fields used in the clinic. The results showed less than 1.0 ％ difference between the calculation and measurements for most cases. None of cases which have bigger than 2.1 ％ have been found. By improving the algorithm for the aperture region which shows the largest error, the algorithm could be practically used in the clinic, since one can acquire the 1011 parameter's with minimum measurements(5∼6 measurements per cones) and generates accurate results within the clinically acceptable range.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Down Stream K River has high COD (4-10 mg/L) and high $NH_3$-N concentration (3.5 mg/L during winter period). Although $NH_3$-N itself is not reported harmful at this level, it must be removed to meet drinking water standard (0.5 mg/L). We constructed a pilot plant modifying the processes of conventional drinking water facilities. Prechlorination and powdered activated carbon (PAC) dechlorination was adopted prior to a flocculation tank to remove ammonia and prevent disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation. Also, GAC processes was included after sand filter to remove residual DOC. This pilot having a capacity of 36 ton/day was operated for one year. The GAC processes were successful to remove ammonia and many organic pollutants (DOC, MBAS, UV-254 nm absorbance, etc). Influent DOC concentrations were very high as 3~6 mg/L throughout the plant operation. It was impossible to achieve 1.0 mg/L effluent DOC, indicating that bed depth (2 m) should be increased to achieve more strict DOC quality standards. When $Cl_2$ dose was well controlled ($Cl_2/NH_3$-N ratio 10~11 on a weight basis), $NH_3$-N removal was 98% and THMs was very low possibly due to low free residual chlorine and PAC dechlorination.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 1986

Hyperthermia can enhance the radiation effect as a synergistic reaction in combined X-ray irradiation and hyperthermia; hyperthermia sensitize radioresistant S-phase cells and inhibit cellular recovery from sublethal damage. We fabricated 100 watts, 2450 MHz microwave applicator for hyperthermia and planned the method and condition of heating and measured the temperature by using Agar phantom as a preliminary test. For biological examination, 102 rats were divided into 4 groups as hyperthermia, X-ray irradiation (6Gy-15Gy), combined X-ray and hyperthermia, and normal control groups. Microscopic examination of the rectum and bladder was done and the results were as followings: 1. The microwave generator with 100 watts, 2450MHz magnetron could be heating up to $40^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ for one hour in living tissue. 2. The thermal distribution in tissue equivalent phantom with microwave can be maintained at $40^{\circ}{\sim}44^{\circ}C$ in area of 3cm in depth and 2-10cm in diameter. 3. In Hyperthermia alone group, there was submucosal edema of the rectum but no histologic change in the urinary bladder was seen. 4. The minimal necrosis of the mucosa was appeared in the rectum and bladder after 15 days of 6 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation respectively. The minimal necrosis of the muscle layer of rectum and bladder was appeared after 15 days of 8Gy and 60days of 10Gy irradiation respectively. 5. In combined group of radiation and hyperthermia, thermal enhancement ratio (calculated at necrosis of mucosa and muscle layer) of rectum and bladder was 1.0, and it suggest that there is no change of tolerance dose of normal rectum and bladder.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 1991

Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent malignant tumor in the United States and fourth most frequent tumor in Korea. Surgery has been used as a primary treatment modality but reported overall survivals after curative resection were from $20\%\;to\;50\%$. Local recurrence is the most common failure in the treatment of locally advanced colorectal cancer. Once recurrence has developed, surgery has rarely the role and the five year survival of locally advanced rectal cancer is less than $5\%$, in spite of massive combination therapy. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with or without external beam irradiation has been advocated for reducing local recurrence and improving survival. The recent report of local failure by this modality was only $5\%$, this indicated that significant improvement of local control could be achieved. We performed 6 cases of IORT for locally advanced colorectal cancer which is the first experience in Korea. Patient's eligibility, treatment applicator, electron energy, dose distribution on the surface and depth within the treatment field and detailed skills are discussed. We hope that our IORT protocol can reduce local failure and increase the long term survival significantly.