• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

Major depressive disorder(MDD) is one of the most common diseases with serious health consequences such as increased morbidity, disability, and mortality. Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) has been used as a treatment for mental disorder since the 1930s. A growing number of recent publications support the conclusions that ECT is an effective and safe treatment for depressed patients. Dosing strategies, frequency, safety, side effects and efficacy of ECT in MDD will be considered. ECT may be an alternative to treatment with antidepressants.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2008

Objectives : The authors purposed to present data for explaining gene-environmental interaction causing depressive disorder by examining the effects of genetic factors related to the serotonin system and environmental factors such as stressful life events in early adulthood. Methods : The subjects were 150 young adults(mean age 25.0${\pm}$0.54), a part of 534 freshmen who had completed the previous study of genotyping of TPH1 gene. We assessed characteristics of life events, depression and anxiety scale and checked if they had a depressive disorder with DSM-IV SCID interview. Along with TPH1 A218C genotype confirmed in previous study, TPH2 -1463G/A and 5HTR2A -1438A/G genes were genotyped using the SNaPshot$^{TM}$ method. Results : In comparison with the group without C allele of TPH1 gene, the number of life events had a significant effect on the probability of depressive disorder in the group with C allele. Other alleles or genotypes did not have a significant effect on the causality of life events and depressive disorder. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that TPH1 C allele is a significant predictor of onset of depressive disorder following environmental stress. It means that the TPH1 gene may affect the gene-environmental interaction of depressive disorder.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a Reality Therapy program for the elderly with depressive disorder, and then examine the effects of the developed program. Methods: This study used 'non-equivalence control group pretest-posttest design'. The participants were forty-eight elderly who were on medication treatment with depressive disorder. Twenty-two participants were assigned to the experimental group and twenty-six ones were assigned to the control group. A 10-session Reality Therapy program was provided to the experimental group. The data were collected from September to December in 2012. Dependent variables were self-esteem, internal control, and depression. Results: The scores of self-esteem for the experimental group were significantly increased compared to the control group (t=-4.87, p<.001). The scores of depression for the experimental group were significantly decreased compared to the control group (t=3.61, p=.001). However, there was no significant change on the scores of internal control between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Reality Therapy program is effective in increasing self-esteem and decreasing depression for the elderly with depressive disorder.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2017

Objectives This study investigated associations between symptom severity and neurocognitive functions in patients with major depressive disorder using comprehensive neuropsychological tests. Methods Ten patients with low depression (LD) and 22 patients with high depression (HD) participated. Symptom severity was determined by both the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Additionally, anxiety was measured by the Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-KYZ). Ten subtests of the Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (K-WAIS), Stroop test, the word/design fluency tests were administered to assess cognition. Results The LD and HD groups did not differ in any of cognitive measures but anxiety level. Namely, the HD group obtained significantly higher scores on the state (U = 29.50, p < 0.01) and trait (U = 28.50, p < 0.001) anxiety scales than the LD group. A significant interaction effect between trait anxiety and depression severity was observed on the picture arrangement subtest of the K-WAIS [F (1, 27) = 5.09, p < 0.05]. Conclusions Cognitive deficits observed in patients with major depressive disorder may be related to other factors rather than current symptom severity. Trait anxiety possibly moderates the effect of current symptom severity on social judgment in these patients.

• Anxiety and mood
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2007

Object : This study was designed to assess the change of heart rate variability (HRV) during stimulation test among the patients with major depressive disorder. Methods : 15 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 15 normal controls were enrolled in this study. We sequentially measured HRV at baseline, during cognitive stimuli and emotional stimuli. Results : There are significant differences between the two groups in HRV index, TINN on baseline state and under cognitive stimulus. Conclusion : Stimulation protocol using HRV can be useful in estimating autonomic nervous function.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2014

Objectives More than half of the elders suffer from chronic sleep disturbances. Moreover, sleep disturbances are more prevalent in patients with depressive disorder than in community dwelling elderly. In this study, we aim to estimate the risk factors of poor sleep quality and its effect on quality of life in patients with late life depression. Methods This study included 159 depressive patients aged 65 years or older who completed Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A global PSQI score of 5 or greater indicates a poor sleeper. Structural diagnostic interviews were performed using the Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS). Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease assessment packet. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36). Results The frequencies of poor sleepers were 90.5% in major depressive disorder, 71.8% in minor depressive disorder, 47.1% in subsyndromal depressive disorder, and 73.0% in all types of depressive disorders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that female [odds ratio (OR) = 2.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-6.67] and higher KGDS score (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.05-1.21) were risk factors of poor sleep quality in patients with late life depression. In the analysis of ANCOVA adjusted for age, gender, education and KGDS score, the mean scores of vitality mental health and mental component summary of SF-36 were lower in poor sleepers than in good sleepers. Conclusions Poor sleepers among patients with late life depression are very common and are associated with female and higher KGDS scores. Poor sleep quality causes a significant negative effect on mental health quality. So researchers and clinicians should be more vigilant in the evaluation and treatment of sleep disturbances in patients with late life depression.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the clinical effects of herbal medicines on patients with depressive disorder. Methods: A prospective observational study on patients with depressive disorder was conducted. The patients were treated with herbal medicines for eight weeks. The Korean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS) was evaluated as the primary outcome and the Korean Beck's Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Instrument on Pattern Identification for Depression, Korean Symptom Checklist-95 (KSCL-95), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-K), Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-K), EuroQol five-dimensional Questionnaire (EQ-5D), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were measured as the secondary outcome. Adverse events were assessed for safety. Results: A total of 35 participants were observed for 12 weeks. The K-HDRS improved significantly in four, eight, and 12 weeks and the K-BDI showed significant differences in four, and eight weeks. There were no significant improvements in other evaluation scales. Gyejibongnyeong-hwan was the most frequently and continuously prescribed, showing significant improvements of K-HDRS after eight weeks of treatment. Conclusions: In our observational study, herbal medicine was effective for relieving the depression of patients with depressive disorder and Gyejibongnyeong-hwan showed the most significant effectiveness.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2020

Objectives: To determine treatment effects of a combination of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and Korean medicine for a patient with major depressive episode of bipolar II disorder. Methods: A patient was treated with Korean medicine (acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc.) and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) for four months. Pattern identification for depressive mood and sleep associated symptoms was evaluated using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Social rhythm metric II-5 (SRM II-5). Results: At the end of the treatment, depression and delayed sleep symptoms were improved and social rhythm was recovered to the regular range. The patient acquired an insight to his interpersonal tensions and conflicts. Conclusions: Korean medicine in combination with interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can be used to treat patients with major depressive episode of bipolar II disorder. More cases are needed to develop guidelines for treating bipolar disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 1994

Child and adolescent depressive disorders are complex clinical problems. Although our knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation and etiology of child and adolescent depressive disorder has grown enormously, less has been established concerning effective managements for this disorder Some articles suggest that children and adolescents may require significant modification of adult treatment. This article reviews the range of available therapies for the condition add provides a systematic approach for the clinician. And guidelines f3r management of depression have been described. In conclusion, approaches to the treatment of this disorder must be comprehensive and broad-based to be successful. And practitioners should be encouraged to become skilled iii as many treatment as possible, because the needs of individual children and adolescents with depressive disorder and their families can vary greatly.

• Journal of Korean geriatric psychiatry
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2014

Objective : The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of co-morbid depression and related factors of depression in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Methods : Nine hundred and six MCI individuals were included in this study. Depression was defined as major and minor depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Depression-related demographic and clinical factors were also explored through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results : In MCI patients, the prevalence of depression as defined according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria was 1.8% for major depressive disorder, 11.4% for minor depressive disorder, and overall 13.2% for both. Multivariate logistic regression showed that increased prevalence of overall depression was associated with female gender and non-amnestic subtype of MCI. Conclusion : Our findings based on a large number of MCI subjects who visited memory clinic indicated that more than ten percent of MCI patients have comorbid depression. In addition, female and non-amnestic subtype of MCI patients seems to be more vulnerable to depression.