• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2008

Anthocyanin pigments in soybean seed coat were D3G (Delphinidin-3-glucoside), C3G (Cyanidin-3- glucoside) and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-glucoside), which have been known potential roles in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Anthocyanin contents in seed coat of blck soybean were significantly different according to soybean variety, C3G content showed the highest value in all materials and its variation was also wide. Antioxidant activity of each pigment was analyzed by DPPH and TEAC methods in which D3G and C3G showed high activity. And this study was carried out to investigate the effects of anthocyanin to human cancer cells. Cytotoxity were analyzed by MTT assay after anthocyanin pigments treated on leukemia (Jurkat T) and adenocarsinoma (MCF-7) cells. It showed decrement of cell numbers as anthocyanin concentration is increasing. ${EC}_50$ range of anthocyanin concentrations were $100{\sim}250\;ug/mL$ and $100{\sim}250\;ug/mL$ in Jurkat T and MCF-7 cell, respectively. D3G showed higher cytotoxicity than other pigments in Jurkat T cell whereas activity of C3G was high in MCF-7 cell. It is believed that supplementation of human diets with soybean anthocyanin markedly reduces human cancer mortality rates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1594-1598
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various acidic treatment for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean. Extracts were prepared with 80% methanol solutions containing HCl, acetic, formic, phosphoric, and citric acids of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%). Total anthocyanin content ranged from 0.74 mg/g in 0.7% citric acid to 1.74 mg/g in 0.3% HCl, depending on acid type and concentration. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G). The highest C3G content was 1.12 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Proanthocyanidin content ranged from 2.01 mg/g in 0.5% acetic acid to 5.29 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Thus, acidic condition is a significant factor affecting anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined as 80% methanol containing 0.3% HCl.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.338-342
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• 2015

There has been known C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-Glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-Glucoside) were main anthocyanin pigments in black-seeded soybean. Anthocyanin contents of total 1,032 black-seeded soybean germplasms were analyzed by HPLC. Average of total anthocyanin content was 11.67 mg/g on the all materials ranged from 0.54 to 23.45 mg/g. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents in all black-seeded soybeans were 8.81, 1.78 and 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Environmental conditions influenced anthocyanin contents during seed development. Delayed flowering, especially of later maturing germplasms, has been showed to result in increased anthocyanin content. So, prolonged maturation period germplasm is generally higher than that of shorten genotypes. It may be concluded that the higher levels of anthocyanin content was associated with the late dates of harvest maturity. Also larger seeds showed high anthocyanin contents than smaller. That inclination is similar in C3G's occasion because C3G content contribute highly to total anthocyanin content than other pigments.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2019

Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr) is commonly consumed and found in major foods including soymilk, soy sauce, tofu, and soy sprout in Korea and east Asia. In addition, it is common to cook the whole seeds with rice. Soybean is known to have ranges of health benefits including antiaging, anticancer, neuroprotective and antidiabetic taken either as supplement or dietary food. Anthocyanins and flavonoids in G. max are found to be the main contributors to such wide arrays of health benefits. Due to increasing economic values of soybean, development of specialty soybean cultivars is becoming an area of interest worldwide. In this study, 746 black soybean accessions from National Agrobiodiversity Center were characterized as part of an attempt to identify important germplasms of G. max. Seed coats of each accession were analyzed for their total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside (C-3-O-G), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (D-3-O-G), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt-3-O-G), and their whole seeds for crude protein contents. HPLC was used to determine and quantify the anthocyanin compositions while crude protein was determined using Kjeldahl method by Kjeltec auto-analyzer (Kjeltec 8400, Foss, Sweden). Accessions were grouped according to their anthocyanins and protein contents; the mean content of which were correlated to agronomic traits including maturity date, one hundred seed weight, cotyledon color and seed lust color. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 273.77 to 6250.52 mg/100 g, with mean value of 1853.03 mg/100 g while the crude protein content (CPC) being between 33.43 and 47.51%, with mean value of 40.81%. The highest number of accessions (45.97%) showed TAC between 1000~1900 mg/100 g while 30.96% of accessions showed CPC between 41~43%. Among the 746 accessions considered, 11 (IT142935, 175818, 175855, 177191, 177209, 177211, 177214, 177216, 177218, 177220, 177274) of them showed TAC above 4000 mg/100 g. C-3-O-G was found to be the major contributor to TAC showing strong correlation. Accessions with green cotyledon color showed high mean TAC compared to those having yellow cotyledon color, and accessions with dull seed lust color showed high mean TAC than those having shiny seed lust color. One hundred seeds weight and maturity date showed positive correlation with all anthocyanin contents, except for Pt-3-O-G in the latter case. The overall result of the present study could be used as background for developing new black soybean cultivars and breeds with high anthocyanin and protein contents. The result depicted that many of the accessions could be used as potential parental lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 2008

Anthocyanin contents of black soybean were analyzed for development of superior breeding lines with high anthocyanin contents. Total 292 genotypes of black soybean collected through the whole country were analyzed by HPLC in which C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-Glucoside) were detected main anthocyanin pigments and each pigment contents were significantly different according to genotypes. C3G content showed the highest value in all materials and its variation was also wide, whereas D3G and Pt3G were not detected in 4 and 24 genotypes. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents were $8.05{\pm}4.225$, $1.80{\pm}0.854$, and $1.15{\pm}0.781\;mg/g$, respectively. In case collected sites, genotypes collected in Chungnam region were higher the anthocyanin contents than other collections, which was $13.75{\pm}3.861\;mg/g$. It might be concluded that it takes more than 36 days for anthocyanin accumulation since beginning of seed-coat pigments formation, in that case it showed $13.09{\pm}4.190\;mg/g.$. Also total anthocyanin contents were present higher concentration in seed coat as maturation period was longer from flowering stage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2005

Contents of isoflavone, phenolic acids, tocopherol, and anthocyanin in black soybean (Glycine max) were measured by HPLC. To compare antioxidative activities of main black soybean components, antioxidative effects of the same levels of commercial standard components were measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC). Most effective component was gentisic acid followed by anthocyanin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, genistein, syringic acid, and daidzein. TEAC assay results revealed genistein in isoflavone, gentisic acid in phenolic acids, p-tocopherol in tocopherol, and anthocyanin showed highest antioxidative and synergistic acitivities, with anthocyanin showing strongest synergy effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.42-42
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• 2012

팥에 함유되어있는 색소와 관련된 연구 중에서는, 검정팥의 색소성분을 분리하여 delphinidin-3-glucoside(D-3-G)로 보고한 Sasanuma의 연구와 검정팥 껍질속에 포함된 안토시아닌의 함량을 평가한 Yoshida의 연구 결과 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 검정팥 종피에서 색소를 추출하여, 적정 염색조건을 설정하였으며, 매염제별 색상변화 및 견뢰도를 측정하는 과정을 통해 염색 특성을 파악하여 새로운 천연염재로서의 활용 가능성을 진단하였을 뿐만 아니라 응용 연구를 위한 기초자료의 확보에 주안점을 두었다. pH에 따른 염색성에서는 견직물의 경우 pH 4에서 가장 염착량이 많았고, 면직물의 경우에는 주어진 범위내에서는 pH가 높을수록 염착량이 많았다. 염색온도와 시간에 따른 염색성은, 견직물의 경우, 염색온도 $80^{\circ}C$에서는 시간이 경과할수록 K/S 값이 크게 나타났으며, 면직물의 경우도 견직물과 비슷한 결과로 온도가 높아질수록 염색시간이 경과될수록 K/S 값이 크게 나타났다. 견직물에 대한 매염제 종류별 표면색의 변화에서는 Fe 매염포만 $YR{\rightarrow}Y$ 로 변화되었을 뿐 다른 매염제에서는 매염 후에도 색상 변화는 크지 않았다. 매염처리 전 견직물의 일광 견뢰도는 무매염이 4~6등급, Al 처리포는 4~5등급, Cu와 Sn은 3~4등급으로 나타났고 Fe는 2~3등급으로 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 세탁견뢰도에서는 무매염 2등급, 매염제 처리의 경우 2~3등급으로 나타났다. 무매염 면직물의 일광견뢰도는 1~2 등급, Fe 매염은 2~3등급, Cu 2등급 Al과 Sn은 1~2등급으로 매염처리에 의해 전혀 개선되지 않았으며, 세탁견뢰도의 경우 Cu매염이 4등급으로 양호하게 나타났으며 무매염, Al, Sn과 Fe는 3등급으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Anthocyanins are naturally occuring phytochemicals and the main components of the coloring of plants, flowers and fruits. They are known to elicit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activity. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins in black / yellow soybean seedcoats using different methods of detection - thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and HPLC analysis. The anthocyanins in soybean seedcoats were extracted by five independent methods of extraction and the aglycons (anthocyanidins) of the corresponding anthocyanins were prepared by acid mediated hydrolysis. The anthocyanin / anthocyanidin in black soybean seedcoat showed characteristic TLC mobility, CZE electrophoretic retention and HPLC migration time while little of anthocyanins were detected from yellow soybean seedcoat. The extracted anthocyanins showed pH dependent retention time in CZE and spectral change in UV-Vis spectrum. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed extract of black soybean seedcoat identified the presence of four anthocyanidins. The major anthocyanin in black soybean seedcoat was cyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), with the relative order of anthocyanidin in cyanidin > delphinidin > petunidin > pelargonidin.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of anthocyanin, and isoflavone contents in five cultivars and two lines of Korean domestic black soybeans grown at different latitudinal locations, a high latitude, Suwon ($37^{\circ}$16'N) and a low latitude, Milyang ($35^{\circ}$30'N). Delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) contents of anthocyanin in Geomjeongkong # 3 and Ilpumgeomjeongkong, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) content in Milyang # 113, petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G) contents in Milyang # 113, and Ilpumgeomjeongkong, and total anthocyanins in Milyang # 113 were highest among the seven black soybean cultivars and lines. D3G, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Geomjeongkong # 3, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Ilpumgeomjeongkong grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude. Daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and total isoflavone contents in Geomjeongkong # 4 were highest among the seven cultivars and lines. Daidzein contents of isoflavone in Geomjeongkong # 3, Milyang # 112, and Milyang # 113 grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude. Glycitein contents in Geomjeongkong # 3, and # 4 grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude, while it in Milyang # 113 grown at low latitude was higher compared to high latitude. Genistein contents in most black soybeans except Milyang # 113, and total isoflavone contents in Geomjeongkong # 4 and Cheongjakong grown at low latitude were higher compared to high latitude. The variations of anthocyanin except Pt3G and isoflavone contents seemed to be affected by environmental conditions like different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.