• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.933-940
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• 2013

In this study, methyl esters with different saturated fatty acids (SFA) were prepared by urea fractionation to make an oil-in-water emulsion. Emulsion characteristics (emulsion stability and oxidative stability) of the methyl ester emulsion were then studied at different percentages of methyl ester saturation (5, 28, 39, 50, and 72%, termed ${\Sigma}$SFA5, ${\Sigma}$SFA28, ${\Sigma}$SFA39, ${\Sigma}$SFA50, and ${\Sigma}$SFA72, respectively). The stability of emulsions (ES) with different SFA content was 46.0 (${\Sigma}$SFA5), 39.5 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 32.7 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 32.6 (${\Sigma}$SFA50), and 27.3 (${\Sigma}$SFA72). Results from Turbiscan showed that creaming or clarification, based on the backscattering intensity, was more pronounced with increases in the saturation degree of the emulsion. These results implied that the emulsions with lower saturation were more stable. During 30 days of storage, the lipid peroxide value increased for all emulsions, with the increase less pronounced with the increasing saturation of the emulsion; 1.880 (${\Sigma}$ SFA5), 1.267 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 1.062 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 0.342 (${\Sigma}$SFA50) and 0.153 (${\Sigma}$SFA72) mg $H_2O_2/mL$ emulsion. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly lower in emulsions with high saturation (4.419 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA50 and 4.226 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA72) than emulsions with low saturation (6.229 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA5, 6.801 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA28 and 6.246 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA39). In conclusion, the emulsions with a higher saturation degree of methyl esters showed lower emulsion stability but better oxidation stability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.296-301
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effect of different yeasts (La Parisienne (LP), Y18-2, Y54-3, Y90-2, Y90-9 and Y272-7) from nuruks on the quality of Glutinous rice wines, physicochemical properties and volatile flavor components were evaluated. Glutinous rice wines prepared with different yeasts were analyzed for ethanol, pH, total acid, amino acid, soluble solid, coloring degree, UV absorbance, reducing sugar, organic acid, free sugar and volatile compounds. After fermentation for 17 days, the ethanol contents ranged from 13.40 to 14.50%, while the total acid levels were from 0.33 to 0.44%. The amino acid contents in six samples ranged from 0.13 to 0.18%, while soluble solid contents ranged from 12.1 to $14.7^{\circ}Bx$. The glutinous rice wine prepared with LP showed the highest level of coloring degree, soluble solid and reducing sugar among six samples. Organic acid contents of the glutinous rice wine prepared with LP had the highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid, while the glutinous rice wine prepared with Y90-9 had the highest level of succinic acid. In all glutinous rice wines tested, the most abundant free sugars were glucose followed by maltose. Volatile flavor components in the glutinous rice wines were identified by using GC-MSD. Nineteen esters, ten alcohols, eight acids, one aldehyde and one miscellaneous compound were identified in the glutinous rice wines. Using relative peak area, it was found that other than ethyl alcohol, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester was the major component, predominantly found in the range of 2.73-10.41%. Phenylethyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate and tetradecanoic acid ethyl ester were some of the major volatile components present through the fermentation, respectively. Overall, it was shown that different yeast strains from nuruks greatly affected chemical and volatile characteristics of the glutinous rice wines.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate the survival and prognostic factors in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer treated with curative radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 35 patients who had locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and treated with curative radiotherapy in Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, from January 1991 through December 1993. According to AJCC staging, 15 patients were stage IIIA, and 20 were stage IIIB. Radiotherapy was delivered with 1 8-2 Gy per fraction/day. 5 days per week using 6 MV X-ray, to a total dose ranging from 48.8 Gy to 66.6 Gy (median, 61.2 Gy) in 4 to 9 weeks. Ten patients received neoadjuvant or concurrent chemotherapy with FIP (5-FU, ifosfamide, and cisplatin) or FP (5-FU and cisplatin) Results : For all Patients, median survival was 6 months. 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 23.3% and 6.7%, respectively The median survival was 8 months in stage IIIA and 5.5 months in stage IIIB. In patients treated with radiation therapy alone, median survival was 5 months and 1-year survival rate was 9%. In patients who received chemotherapy, median survival was 11 months and 1-year survival rate was 60%. The difference of survival between these two groups was statistically significant (p=0.03). Total radiation dose, degree of response, and Post-treatment ECOG score were also significantly associated with survival. But it was not affected by age, sex, pretreatment ECOG score, presence or absence of weight loss, tumor location. pathologic type, N stage, and degree of response to treatment. Conclusion : Conventional radiotherapy alone is unlikely to achieve long term survival in patients with stage III NSCLC. Radiotherapy with altered fractionation schedule or multimodality treatment combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy should be considered if feasible.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.68-76
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• 2008

This study examined the inhibition effects of a freshwater bivalve (Unio douglasiae) and a submerged plant (Potamogeton crispus) on the cyanobacterial bloom (Oscillatoria sp.). The experiment were conducted in aquarium $(50cm{\times}65cm{\times}120cm)$ with lake sediments in the bottom of the aquarium in 10 cm thick. Before the experiments, artificial cyanobacterial bloom was induced with the addition of lake sediment and CB medium. Total 12 transparent acrylic cylinders (${\Phi}19cm$, height 40 cm) were placed in the aquarium, and within which bivalves and plants were placed in various conditions such as the control (C), plant addition (P:5 stems), mussel addition (U:2 individuals), and both mussel and plant addition (PU: the same quantity as used in each treatment). The experiment was conducted in triplicate during 7 days. pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity (EC), salinity, cyanobacterial cell density, chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentration, and mussel filtering rate were monitored daily. At the end of the experiment, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and plant height and weight were measured. Overall, a large degree of cyanobacterial growth inhibition appeared in both P and U treatments, and the effect was highest in the U treatment, followed by P and PU. The combined treatment of both U and P did not show any synergic effects compared to the effect in separated treatment. In all enclosures of the treatments chlorophyll-${alpha}$ (Chl-${alpha}$) concentration decreased until 36 hours after the additions of the plants and mussels. In contrast, Chl-${alpha}$ concentrations increased in PU enclosures after 36 hours. The same trend was shown in the cell density of Oscillatoria. pH and DO gradually decreased until 120 and 144 hours, respectively, in the P and PU enclosures. TP concentration increased in the mussel enclosures (U and PU), while TN concentration largely decreased in the plant enclosures (P and PU). Our results suggest that applied bivalve (Unio) and submerged plant (Potamogeton) seemed to have a potential effect on the growth inhibition of cyanobacteria, but their combined application may have an antagonistic effect to diminish the degree of the inhibition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.551-557
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effect of different ingredients on the quality of Korean rice wines, 30% of rice were substituted by malt, corn, potato, soybean, glutinous millet, unpolished rice, glutinous rice, or non-glutinous rice, when rice wines were prepared. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the rice wines from the varying ingredients were evaluated. Sample rice wines were analyzed for ethanol, pH, total acid, amino acid, soluble solid, coloring degree, UV absorbance, reducing sugar, organic acids, and free sugars. After fermentation for 16 days, the ethanol contents ranged from 13.28 to 16.23%, while the total acid levels were within the range of 0.27 to 0.32%. The amino acid contents in eight samples ranged from 0.18 to 0.36%, while the soluble solid contents were within the range of 8.35 to $11.1^{\circ}$Bx. Among the eight samples tested, rice wine prepared with malt showed the highest level of coloring degree, UV absorbance, and reducing sugar levels, while rice wine prepared with potato showed the lowest value. Organic acid contents of rice wines prepared with soybean, glutinous rice, and non-glutinous rice showed the highest levels of succinic acid followed by acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and pyroglutamic acid. Free sugar contents of all rice wines showed the higher levels of glucose followed by fructose and maltose. Rice wines prepared with unpolished rice and corn showed the same highest overall sensory preference. By descriptive analysis, the overall mean sensory intensities of samples prepared with glutinous rice and non-glutinous rice, showed similar levels of 'sweetness', 'fruitiness', and 'freshness of aroma', while those samples prepared with soybean, glutinous millet, and potato showed stronger intensities of 'nuruk', 'grain aroma', and 'yellowness'. Rice wine prepared with corn showed middle ranges in all sensory attributes tested.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2013

The aim was to examine resistance exercise-related genes after 8 weeks of resistance training. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 4 weeks sedentary (4 wks CON, n=8), 8 weeks sedentary (8 wks CON, n=8), 4 weeks exercise training (4 wks REG, n=8), and 8 weeks exercise training (8 wks REG, n=8). The rats were trained to climb a 1-m vertical incline (85-degree), with weights secured to their tails. They climbed 10 times, 3 days per week, for 8 consecutive weeks. Skeletal muscle was taken from the flexor halucis longus after the exercise training. After separating the total RNA, large-scale gene expression was investigated by beadarray (Illumina RatRef-12 Expression BeadChip) analysis, and qPCR was used to inspect the beadarray data and to analyze the RNA quantitatively. The detection p-value for the genes was p<0.01, the M-value {M=$log_2$(condition)-$log_2$(reference)} was >1.0, and the DiffScore was >20. In total, the expression of 30 genes significantly increased 4 weeks after the exercise training, and the expression of six genes decreased. At 8 weeks, the expression of five genes significantly increased and that of 12 decreased. Several genes are potentially involved in resistance exercise and muscle hypertrophy, including 1) regulation of cell growth (IGFBP1, PLA2G2A, OKL38); 2) myogenesis (CSRP3); 3) tissue regeneration and muscle development (MUSTN1, MYBPH); 4) hypertrophy (CYR61, ATF3, NR4A3); and 5) glucose metabolism (G6PC, PCK1). These results may help to explain previously reported physiological changes of the skeletal muscle and suggest new avenues for further investigation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1022-1031
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• 2008

Pound cakes were prepared with Citrus mandarin powder(CMP) cultivated in JeJu Island, Korea. The impact of CMP amount level, which was incorporated into wheat flour by the ration of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% based on a flour weight, on the rheology and sensory profile of the pound cakes was measured. Moisture content of 13.70%, crude protein 5.12%, crude lipid 1.30%, crud ash 1.92%, respectively. Also evaluation was performed on the changes in physicochemical properties of the pound cakes during storage at 4 and $30^{\circ}C$. According to the amylogram, gelatinization temperature of the control dough was $63.35^{\circ}C$ and those of the dough with CMP were $63.85{\sim}66.55^{\circ}C$. Maximum viscosity of the dough was 686 B.U in the control, those were 575 B.U, 553 B.U, 504 B.U and 401 B.U in the dough with 5, 10, 15, and 20% CMP, respectively. The retrogradation degree(setback value) of CMP dough was $31{\sim}57%$ lower than that of the control dough under the same conditions. Water holding capacity of pound cake was increased gradually in proportion to the amount of CMP. The CMP addition decreased the brightuess(L) of pound cakes but increased redness(a) and yellowness(b). Hardness of pound cakes was significantly increased by CMP addition, while springiness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness were decreased. Based on sensory evaluation, pound cakes added with CMP were not significantly different in color and texture, while that of 10% CMP was significantly high in taste, flavor, and overall preferences, compared to the control. pH of pound cake with CMP was decreased during storage, showing that pH of CMP samples was lower than the control. Titrated acidity of pound cake with CMP was increased rapidly from storage for 10 days, which the changes in degree was fast in accordance with CMP amount. The Hunter's color value of pound cake with CMP was decreased, as the storage time proceeded. In the samples prepared with CMP, the firmness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness was increased as the storage time proceeded, while springiness and cohesiveness was decreased.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the muscoulosckeletla pain from 214 dental hygienist during treatment process in Ulsan and Kyungnam. The data collection was done from March to May in 2009 with questionnaire. The study results were as follows. In the participant's age characteristic, under 23 years old(34.1%) was majority, other participant age group were 24~26 years old(33.6%), 25~29 years old(20.6%), and over 30 years old(11.7%). Other participant characteristic were unmarried participant(86.4%), none religion(43.5%), and graduation from college(88.3%). In the participant's business characteristic, working place were dental clinic(57.5%), and dental hospital(42.5%), career was 1~2 years(42.5%) and a number of change job was once(45.1%). Salary were 1,300,000~1,490,000 won (33.6%), 1,500,000~1,990,000 won(29.9%), under 1,300,000 won(26.2%), 2,000,000~2,490,000 won(7.5%). A number of dental hygienist was over 20 person(85.9%) and the average dental hygienist was 15.6 person. A number of dentist were one person(28.5%), 2 person(22.4%), 4 person(19.2%) and the average dentist was 3.2 person. Dental hygienist's working hour was 8~9(49.5%), a large part of dental hygienist was assistance of general treatment(70.1%). Other results were 5 days/week working(60.3%), and night shift(49.1%). In an effect of musculoskeletal pain during working, neck pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward 15 degree or head round", "non balanced shoulders", "bend waist", "bend wrist", and "sit astraddle on a chair". Shoulders pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward over 15 degree", "bend waist", and "stand up straightly". Knee pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "stand up straightly", and hip pain was influenced by "sit astraddle on chair".

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.673-682
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• 2001

The use of resin composites has continued to increase over the last several years. In spite of their growing popularity, composites continue to exhibit a number of undesirable characteristics. One of the major deficiencies of composite restorative resins is their inadequate resistance to wear. Of the multitude of factors that have been associated with wear, subsurface degradation within the restoration is considered to be one. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to degradation of four commercial composite resins in an alkaline solution. This solution with a high concentration of hydroxyl ions is a convenient medium for accelerated degradation of silane coupling and filler particles. The brands studies were Definite($Degussa-H\ddot{u}ls$ AG, Germany), Prodigy(Kerr, USA), Pyramid(Bisco, USA) and Synergy(Coltene, Swiss). Preweighed discs of each brand were exposed to 0.1N NaOH solution at $60^{\circ}C$. After 14 days they were removed, neutralized with HCl, washed with water and dried. Resistance to degradation was evaluated on the basis of following parameters : (a) mass loss(%)-determined from pre-and post-exposed specimen weights : (b) Si loss(ppm)-obtained from ICP-AE analysis of solution exposed to specimens; and (c) degradation $depth({\mu}m)$-measured microscopically (SEM) from polished circular sections of exposed specimens. The results were follows: 1. Mass loss of Synergy was $1.24{\pm}0.002%$, it was the highest, there was no significant difference among the materials. 2. The degree of degradation layer depth of Synergy was $107.83{\pm}2.52{\mu}m$, it was the highest, there was no significant difference among any other materials than Synergy. 3. There was no difference among the four materials in Si loss. 4. The correlation coefficient between mass loss and degradation depth was relatively high(r=0.06, p<0.05). 5. There was no coefficient correlation between Si loss and mass loss, the degree of degradation layer depth and Si loss. 6. When observed with SEM, destruction of bonding is observed between resin matrix and filler.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

Purpose: A prospective comparison was made between imaging with Tc-99m pertechnetate (Tc-99m) and Ioine-131 (I-131) for the detection of residual and metastatic tissue after total thyroidectomy in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Initially our patients had imaging with Tc-99m, followed by I-131 within 3 days. The study included 21 patients who had ablation with high dose of I-131 ranging from 100 mCi to 150 mCi. Planar and pinhole images were acquired for both Tc-99m and I-131. Diagnostic images of Tc-99m and I-131 were compared with post-therapy images. Degree of uptake on Tc-99m and I-131 images was scored by four point scale and compared. Results: The results of the Tc-99m study were: 16 of 19 studies (84%) were positive on simple planar images, but 19 of 20 studies (95%) were positive on pinhole images. Conventional I-131 diagnostic imaging on the other hand showed that all studies (100%) were positive on both planar and pinhole images. There was a significant difference in degree of uptake between Tc-99m and I-131 planar images (p<0.05). Only one case of Tc-99m scintigraphy was negative on both planar and pinhole studies (false negative). There was no distant metastasis on the therapeutic I-131 images. Conclusion: Tc-99m scan using pinhole in certain clinical situations is an alternative to the I-131 scan in detecting thyroid or lymph node metastasis prior to the first ablative treatment after thyroidectomy for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.