• 국토계획
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2019

As the 24-hour society arrives, human activities in daytime and nighttime urban spaces are changing drastically, and the need for new urban management policies is steadily increasing. This study analyzes the types and characteristics of Seoul's human dynamics using location-based big data and the results are summarized as follows. First, the pattern of human dynamics in Seoul repeats itself every 7 days. Second, the types of human dynamics in Seoul can be classified into five types, and each of type has its own unique time-series and local characteristics. Third, the degree of match between human dynamics and zoning system in urban planning legislation was highest in 'Type 1' residence pattern and low in other types. The following implications can be drawn from these results. First, This paper examined the methodology of analyzing the regional characteristics of Seoul through the human dynamics and obtained meaningful results. Second, This paper can derive reliable and objective pattern analysis results using Big data that reflect the overall population characteristics. Third, the scale of night-time activity in the urban space of Seoul was understood, and its distribution, patterns and characteristics identified.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.384-388
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• 2014

과거 12년동안(2001~2012년)의 벼 등숙기간인 8~9월의 기상변화 특징은 기온이 높아지고 일조시간이 줄어드는 경향이었다. 이와 같은 벼 등숙기간의 고온과 일조시간의 부족은 벼 기준의 기후생산력지수(CPI)의 감소의 원인이었고, 감소의 정도는 벼 출수기가 빠를수록 더 크게 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서, 안정적인 벼생산량을 확보하기 위해서는 벼 출수기를 늦추는 재배적인 조치가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고, 과거 12년동안의 벼 수량의 변화는 특별한 경향을 나타내지는 않았으나, 벼 수량의 연간 변화는 CPI의 연간 변화와 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 특히, 출수기가 8월 11일 조건에서, 벼 수량에 대한 CPI의 일차함수는 전국 벼 수량 변이의 63%정도 설명하는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.499-515
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate membrane fouling caused by microalgal cells in submerged membrane systems consisting of polymeric and ceramic microfiltration membranes. In this study, one polymeric (flat-sheet, pore size: $0.2{\mu}m$) and two ceramic (flat-sheet, pore size: $0.2{\mu}m$ and cylindrical, pore size: $1{\mu}m$) membranes were used. Physical cleaning was performed with water and air to determine the potential for reversible and irreversible membrane fouling. The study results showed that substantial irreversible membrane fouling (after four filtration cycles, irreversible fouling degree 27% (cleaning with water) and 38% (cleaning with air)) occurs in the polymeric membrane. In cleaning studies performed using water and air on ceramic membranes, it was observed that compressed air was more effective (recovery rate: 87-91%) for membrane cleaning. The harvesting performance of the membranes was examined through critical flux experiments. The critical flux values for polymeric membrane with a pore size of $0.20{\mu}m$ and ceramic membranes with a pore size of $0.20{\mu}m$ and $1{\mu}m$ were ${\leq}95L/m^2hour$, ${\leq}70L/m^2hour$ and ${\leq}55L/m^2hour$, respectively. It was determined that critical flux varies depending on the membrane material and the pore size. To obtain more information on membrane fouling caused by microalgal cells, the characterization of the fouled polymeric membrane was performed. This study concluded that ceramic membranes with a pore size of $0.2-1{\mu}m$ in the submerged membrane system could be efficiently used for microalgae harvesting by cleaning the membrane with compressed air at regular intervals.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.887-891
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• 1995

회상법과 빈도법을 이용하여 식이섭취조사를 할 경우 영양소에 따라 다소 차이는 있으나 일반적으로 모든 영양소에서 빈도법이 회상법 보다 개인의 섭취량이 과다하게 평가되는 경향을 보이고 있으며 영양소별 측정 오차가 식이조사 방법에 따라 가장 큰 차이를 보였던 영양소는 carotene이었고 이 영양소는 두 방법에 의해 추정된 값 사이에 통계적으로 유의있는 상관을 보이지 않고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구 결과는 연구 목적이 되는 영양소의 종류에 따라 식이조사 방법으로 히상법과 빈도법을 교차 선택할 수 있는영양소와 그렇지 않은 영양소가 있음을 시사하고 있다. 그러나, 본 연구는 각 방법이 지니는 상대적 타당성(validity)를 측정하는데 필요한 표준가치(reference value)가 없으므로 타당성을 측정할 수 없었고 단지 두 방법간의 차이만을 비교하는데 그치는 제한점이 있었다. 그러므로 사용된 방법의 타당성 측정을 위해서는 표준값을 제공할 수 있는 객관적인 방법인 실측법(precise weights method) 등이 비록 적은 표본 규모라도 진행될 필요성이 있다. 한편, 더 나아가 조사방법의 신뢰도 측정을 위해서는 정확성(precision)을 보기 위해 한 방법을 여러번 반복 조사하여야 방법의 정확성 등이 검토될 수 있겠다. 이러한 기초연구를 위한 많은 투자와 노력이 있어야만 역학조사에서 이용된 식이조사 방법의 신뢰성 확보가 가능함을 본 연구결과는 시사하고 있다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.3600-3610
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• 1974

Experimental work of batch-type dryer was conducted to develop its optimurm operating conditions by analyzing the major factors which affect the drying performance. A laboratory batch-type dryer was constructed and tested for various levels of heated-air rates, and depths of grain deposit. Tong-il rice variety having the initial moisture content of approximaely 23 per cent in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for establishing the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the thermal efficiency, and the operational cost of the dryer. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. The performance rate of dryer for a specific operating condition was defined as total amount of material dried per hour when the moisture content of grains in the upperlayer reaches to 16 per cent in wet basis. The optimum operating conditions as viewed in the rate of drying performance could be justified by functional realtionship between the depth of grain deposit and air flow rate. In other words, there was a definite depth of grain deposit for a given air-rate which make the dryer performance maximum. The optimum grain depth for the batch-type dryer with 3.3㎡ loading area and with the attached axial fan was about 35cm. 2. The thermal efficiency for the dryer was evaluated by the ratio of the latent heat required to evaporate the grain moisture to the heat input required to raise the ambient air-temperature to 40 degree centigrade. The optimum operating condition as viewed in term of thermal efficiency analyzed was that grater depth and lower air flow-rate may be desirable. This condition is contracted with the optimum condition as viewed by the dryer performance rate. 3. The annual operating cost of batch-type dryer was analyzed for different annual hour of use and for different operation condition. The optimum condition as viewed in terms of operating cost was almost identical to one as viewed in terms of dryer performance rate. Therefore, the most economical use of batch-type dryer for the same annual operating hours can be obtained when the dryer operated in the condition of maximum dryer performance rate. Increasing the annual operating hour may be desirable to cut down the dryer operation cost, since the annual hour of dryer use is much sensitive to the operating cost than any peractical conditions of dryer operation. 4. The most desirable operational condition as justified by combining all the criteria, dryer performance rate, thermal efficiency and annual operating cost, could be concluded to operate the dryer in the condition of maximum performance rate. The condition in general is identical to the lowest operation cost for a given annual operating hour.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.207-230
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• 2006

본 연구는 관광위락지내에서 관광객이 인지하는 혼잡된 지각 정도에 따라 감정적 반응과 체류시간의 변화를 알아봄으로써 관광환경 개선에 대한 시사점과 관광운영업무를 효율적으로 대응할 수 있는 방안과 이를 관리하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 분석결과 첫째, 혼잡지각과 감정적 반응을 분석한 결과 감정적 반응 요인 중에서 즐거움과 흥분감은 통계적으로 유의한 영향관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 통제감은 유의한 영향관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 혼잡지각과 감정적 반응, 체류시간 변수간의 전체적 설명력은 미미한 설명력을 지니고 있다. 하지만 분석결과를 토대로 보면 혼잡지각은 감정적 반응에 부분적으로 영향을 미치며, 체류시간에도 영향을 미치는 유의한 변수라는 사실이 분석결과 나타났다. 둘째, 감정적 반응 요인이 관광위락지 이용객의 체류시간과의 영향관계를 분석한 결과 먼저 감정적 반응 구성요인 중 즐거움과 흥분감은 유의한 영향관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 통제감은 체류시간과는 영향관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 시사점을 논의하고, 연구의 한계와 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.136-147
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• 2000

The aim of this research was to examine the management practices related to foodservice.clinical nutrition service provided by hospital foodservice operations. A survey of 30 hospital food nutrition service departments was undertaken and detailed information was collected from each, including surveys of 176 dietitians and 30 foodservice managers. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS/win 6.11 package for descriptive analysis and t-test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : Out of 30 hospitals, 73.3%(22) were directly operated and 26.7%(8) were under contract foodservice management. Licensed number of beds were 768.7, with an average length of 11.4 days. The general characteristics of the dietitians were that 49.4% were aged between 25-29, and 60.8% were ordinary dietitians. 76.7% had bachelor's degree, 15.9% with master's degree and 7.4% were college graduates. Most hospital dietitians had internship training and 35.2% took a training course of 6 to 12 months. The average space of kitchen was 452.52 $m^2$, with 133.63$m^2$ for modified diet space and 18.13$m^2$ for nutrition counselling room space. The total number of normal meals was 1,255.47, with 502.93 of modified meals. The average calorie of normal meals was 2,145.04kcal, with 91.9g of protein contained in normal meal. The total food waste was 351.40kg. An average monthly cost for disposing food waste was 745,171.67 won. 83.3% of the kitchens were on the 1st basement and only 66.7%(20) of 30 hospitals had its own nutrition counselling room. 80% used dishwashers and 66.7% had an exclusive elevator for delivering meals. 80.0% of hospitals used centralized delivery service. 90% had established an area for hygiene division, 70% used dry zone within the dishwashers for sterilization, 66.7% provided spoon and chopstick, and 100% used dish cover. As means of food waste treatment, most hospitals(56.7%) used animal feed by contracters, followed by means of collection by contracters(30%) and in-house high speed fermentation machines(13.3%). It was found that only 33.3% hospitals regularly checked temperatures of the meals given to patients. Total productivity index was 3.72(meals/hour) in average, with an average productivity index for normal diet of 5.41. Average productivity index for modified diet was 4.62. Productivity indices for patient meals and clinical nutrition were 5.01(meals/hour) and 1.12(cases/hour) respectively and hospitals under self-operated foodservice management received higher points on clinical nutrition productivity index(P<0.01) than hospitals under contract foodservice management.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-30
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• 1989

This study deals with the following problems about leisure activity of young people and leisure guidance of mothers, (1) Leisure activity of children by the independent variables, (2) Leisure guidance of mothers by the independent variables. (3) The relation between leisure guidance of mothers and leisure activity of young people. This research used the questionaire survey. The subjects were 830 couples of mother and pupil (pupils of 4, 5 and t grades in six primary school in Kwang-Ju city). The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, t, F-test, X2. The results of this study are summarized as follows; (1) Boys and girls average leisure hours: week days…2 hour, saturday…3 hours, Sunday and holiday…4.5 hours, the school vacation…6.2 hours. And leisure activity showed the significant difference in sex, age, educational level, family form (p 0.001, p 0.05, p 0.010). Generally, they had social & amusing leisure activity. And a hindrance cause of leisure activ ty is due to hard working in learning practice. (2) The necessity of leisure activity showed higher in the aged mother and high educated mother, lower in the poor family. And guidance content showed the significant difference in sex of children(p 0.001), educational level of parents(p 0.05). Actually mothers wanted intellectual leisure activity. (3) The relation between the leisure activity pattern desired by leisure activity of mothers and children pattern showed that mothers demanded the various patterns, but children wanted social & amusing leisure activities mainly. Only children's patterns agreed with mothers in the artistic, intellectual, activities on Saturday and during the vacation. And the relation between mothers satisfaction degree in the leisure activity of children and children's satisfaction degree showed the significant difference (p 0.05). Children's satisfaction degree is high, irrespective of mothers satisfaction degree.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2013

PURPOSES : Under the capacity conditions with balanced approach flows, roundabouts give less delay than existing signalized intersections; however, flows over 450 vehicles/hour/lane with unbalanced approach flow conditions, roundabouts efficiency drops due to the short time difference between the critical gap and the follow-up headway. The purpose of this study is developing a roundabout Signal Metering operation method by considering approach lanes degree of saturation. METHODS : A four-way-approach with one-lane roundabout is selected to compare the Signal Metering performance for the case of 16 different unbalanced flow conditions. Based on these traffic conditions, the performance is evaluated for 64 different cases of Signal Metering combinations by using SIDRA software. A degree of saturation(V/C ratio) sum for two adjoined approaches is used for the performance index of choosing Metered Approach and Controlling Approach. RESULTS : When the V/C ratio sum is 0.29~0.81 and Metered Approach flow is less than Controlling Approach flow, the average delay saving per vehicle is about 7 seconds; however, after this rage the delay saving decreases gradually until the V/C ratio sum reaches around 1.0. The range of V/C ratio sum 0.93~1.09 provides average delay saving per vehicle about 3 seconds. In case of V/C ratio sum is grater than 1.0 and the flows of Metered Approach is grater than Controlling Approach, the average delay per vehicle increases 3~11 times respectively. CONCLUSIONS : As expected, the Signal Metering provides substantial improvements in delay saving for the case of V/C ratio sum is 0.3~1.0 under the traffic flow conditions of Metered Approach is less than Controlling Approach.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.290-296
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• 2003

The waterfront the house it falls to empty, it sprouts and un-waterfront to beggarly more view, showing a high satisfactory degree from elements which of the house environment back is diversified, there is to immigration plan of future and the waterfront the area is high and it was visible the degree which is probably. Also the waterfront against to the development of the area the rate where the development recognizes a necessity will be high, it will be high, it will be pay scheduled one expense from even and the river or the coast the line will choose to the view is visible the answer back own house was many. Here upon the waterfront to development of the which indispensability or development hour (1)sublation of the development which is insensitive, (2)the fixed quantity development which hits to demand and supply, (3)after developing the continuous civil official, (4)the environment friendship development back is indicated with consideration fact.