• Title/Summary/Keyword: defective products

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Studies on the Detections of Congenital Genetic Disorder in Holstein Proven and Candidate Bulls (Holstein 보증종모우 및 후보종모우의 선천성 장애 유전좌위 검색에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Y.K.;Jang, K.W.;Nam, I.S.;Jang, W.K.;Tak, T.Y.;Kim, G.N.;Lee, K.J.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.279-288
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    • 2002
  • This study was performed to discriminate defective loci by detection of congenital genetic disorder, to offer basic data for selection and improvement of Korean dairy cattle using frozen semen of Holstein bulls(16 proven and 93 candidate). The results obtained were as follows ; By the detection of DUMP(deficiency of uridine monophophate synthase) for 109 Holstein bulls(16 proven and 93 candidate), DUMP carrier was not found in whole animals. Also, it was possible to early detection of DUMP carrier by using PCR-RFLP(AvaⅠ). As the results of detection for BLAD(bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency), BLAD carrier was not found in 16 proven bulls. But 5 candidtae bulls are discriminated to BLAD carrier, and it could be predicted to transmitted pathway of inherited loci by pedigree identification. Also, when digesting PCR products using restriction enzyme, results from TaqⅠ restriction enzyme were more efficient than that of HaeⅢ. After detection test of citrullinaemia, it was concluded that proven and candidate bulls were not. However, wide range of research and citrullinaemia genotyping should be performed. As a result of this study, the wide and various research should be performed in genetic disease of animal. And in the selection and breeding of animal, the breeding scheme by completely and continuously management of pedigree should be established.

Study on the Gas Tight Shut-off Valve of NBC Shelter using Positive Pressure Measurement and Chemical Detection Module (양압측정 및 화학탐지 모듈을 적용한 화생방 방호시설의 가스차단밸브에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Hyoung-Keun
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.7
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    • pp.417-422
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    • 2017
  • One of the most frightening aspects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is their ability to cause death in very small quantities without being visible to the public. The military authorities are making considerable effort to ensure the survivability of the combatants in the event of NBC(Nuclear, Biological and Chemical) contamination. Therefore, in this study, modules were developed for the measurement of the positive pressure and for the detection of the chemicals used for the control of the various shut-off valves used in an NBC shelter. In addition, a high performance gas tight shut-off valve was developed that can overcome the disadvantages associated with manual manufacturing, such as the occurrence of defective products and high manufacturing cost. By applying the positive pressure measurement and chemical detection modules, this valve was able to be used to control the facility. The developed gas-tight shut-off valve maintained airtight characteristics at a pressure loss of 28[Pa] at the prescribed wind velocity and an internal pressure of 30[kPa]. It is expected to be possible to control the gas-tight shut-off valve through the remote measurement of the positive pressure, thereby ensuring the foreign independence of import substitution and defense related technology in the future. In addition, by installing these valves in all of the intake ports or exhaust ports connected to the outside of the NBC shelter, it is possible to prevent the damage resulting from the rapid inflow of the storm pressure caused by conventional weapons and nuclear explosions, thereby protecting the people and equipment in the shelter.

Induction of Quinone Reductase Activity in Hepatoma Cells by Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) (파프리카 추출물이 quinone reductase 유도활성에 미치는 영향)

  • Yu, Mi-Hee;Lee, Hyo-Jung;Im, Hyo-Gwon;Lee, Syng-Ook;Lee, In-Seon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.707-711
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    • 2006
  • Phase 2 enzymes are transcriptionally induced by a wide variety of chemical agents and natural products, and their induction plays a critical role in protection against chemical carcinogens and other toxic xenobiotics. The activity of the methanol extract and fractions of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) was examined in murine Hepa1c1c7 cells for the induction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)H/quinone reductase (QR). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction induced QR activity in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration range of 10 to $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ with a maximum of a 3.3-fold increase in induction. The EtOAc fraction also showed high QR induction potency in Ah-receptor-defective mutant of Hepa 1c1c7 cells ($BP^rcl$ cells), which indicates that this fraction is a monofunctional inducer of QR. These results suggest that useful cancer chemopreventive materials could be isolated from EtOAc fraction of Paprika.

Recovery of Silicon Wafers from the Waste Solar Cells by H3PO4-NH4HF2-Chelating Agent Mixed Solution (인산-산성불화암모늄-킬레이트제 혼합용액에 의한 폐태양전지로부터 실리콘웨이퍼의 회수)

  • Koo, Su-Jin;Ju, Chang-Sik
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.51 no.6
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    • pp.666-670
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    • 2013
  • Recovery method of silicon wafer from defective products generated from manufacturing process of silicon solar cells was studied. The removal effect of the N layer and antireflection coating (ARC) of the waste solar cell were investigated at room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) by variation of concentration of $H_3PO_4$, $NH_4HF_2$, and concentration and types of chelating agent. Removal efficiency was the best in the conditions; 10 wt% $H_3PO_4$ 2.0 wt% $NH_4HF_2$, 1.5 wt% Hydantoin. Increasing the concentration of $H_3PO_4$, the surface contamination degree was increased and the thickness of the silicon wafe became thicker than the thickness before surface treatment because of re-adsorption on the silicon wafer surface by electrostatic attraction of the fine particles changed to (+). The etching method by mixed solution of $H_3PO_4$-$NH_4HF_2$-chelating agents was expected to be great as an alternative to conventional RCA cleaning methods and as the recycle method of waste solar cells, because all processes are performed at room temperature, the process is simple, and less wastewater, the removal efficiency of the surface of the solar cell was excellent.

Studies on the Improvement of Packaging of Retorted Samgyetang (레토르트 삼계탕의 포장 개선을 위한 연구)

  • Lee, Jin-Hwan;Lee, Keun-Taik
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.49-54
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    • 2009
  • The effects of filling temperatures of broth and degassing method on the residual oxygen content and gas composition in the pouch and physical strength of packaging material for Samgyetang depending on the contamination of broth on the sealing layer and sterilization process were investigated. The residual oxygen content in the broth and the oxygen proportion in the headspace of package were decreased with the increase of broth temperature at filling into the pouch from 50 to 100. When the products were packaged as air-contained (Air), manually squeezed the upper side of package out to minimize the headspace (Degas) and flushed with nitrogen gas ($N_2$-Flushing) while maintaining the broth temperatures of Samgyetang at 50 or 85. The residual oxygen content and oxygen proportion were increased in the order of $N_2$-Flushing

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A Case Study of Risk Assessments and Safety Measures in a PCB Manufacturing Process (인쇄회로기판 제조 공정에서 위험성평가와 안전조치 적용 사례 연구)

  • Lee, Young Man;Lee, Inseok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.120-128
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    • 2022
  • Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a basic component in the electronics industry and are widely used in nearly all electronic products, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and digital cameras, as well as in electric equipment. PCB manufacturing involves the use of many chemicals and chemical processes and therefore has more risks than other manufacturing sectors. This study aims to identify the causes of possible accidents during PCB manufacturing through risk assessment, develop and implement safety measures, and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Note that the safety measures developed to mitigate the risks of a certain process were also implemented for other similar processes. The risk assessments conducted over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at a PCB manufacturing company identified 361 hazardous processes. Between 2016 and 2019, 41-56 hazardous processes were identified per year; such processes decreased to fewer than 20 per year after 2020. Application of the risk assessment results to the improvement of the hazardous processes with the similar characteristics seems to be effective in decreasing the risks. Equipment-related factors such as lack of appropriate maintenance, low work standards, and defective protection devices were responsible for 59.8% of all possible accidents. Because PCB manufacturing involves many chemicals, skin contact with hazardous substances, electric shock, fire, and explosion were the most common types of possible accidents (81.7%). In total, 505 safety measures were implemented, including 157 related to purchase and improvement of equipment and devices for safety (31.1%), 147 related to the installation/modification of fire prevention facilities (29.1%), and 69 related to the use of standard electrical appliances (13.7%). Risk assessment conducted after implementing the safety measures showed that these measures significantly decreased risk; 247 processes (68.4%) had a risk level of 3, corresponding to "very low," and 114 processes (31.6%) showed a risk level of 4, corresponding to "low." In particular, risk assessment of 104 processes with risk scores of 12 and 10 other processes with risk score of 16 showed that the risk decreased to 4 after implementing the safety measures. Thus, implementing these measures in similar manufacturing sectors that involve chemical processes can mitigate risk.

Automated Inspection System for Micro-pattern Defection Using Artificial Intelligence (인공지능(AI)을 활용한 미세패턴 불량도 자동화 검사 시스템)

  • Lee, Kwan-Soo;Kim, Jae-U;Cho, Su-Chan;Shin, Bo-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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    • v.24 no.6_2
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    • pp.729-735
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    • 2021
  • Recently Artificial Intelligence(AI) has been developed and used in various fields. Especially AI recognition technology can perceive and distinguish images so it should plays a significant role in quality inspection process. For stability of autonomous driving technology, semiconductors inside automobiles must be protected from external electromagnetic wave(EM wave). As a shield film, a thin polymeric material with hole shaped micro-patterns created by a laser processing could be used for the protection. The shielding efficiency of the film can be increased by the hole structure with appropriate pitch and size. However, since the sensitivity of micro-machining for some parameters, the shape of every single hole can not be same, even it is possible to make defective patterns during process. And it is absolutely time consuming way to inspect all patterns by just using optical microscope. In this paper, we introduce a AI inspection system which is based on web site AI tool. And we evaluate the usefulness of AI model by calculate Area Under ROC curve(Receiver Operating Characteristics). The AI system can classify the micro-patterns into normal or abnormal ones displaying the text of the result on real-time images and save them as image files respectively. Furthermore, pressing the running button, the Hardware of robot arm with two Arduino motors move the film on the optical microscopy stage in order for raster scanning. So this AI system can inspect the entire micro-patterns of a film automatically. If our system could collect much more identified data, it is believed that this system should be a more precise and accurate process for the efficiency of the AI inspection. Also this one could be applied to image-based inspection process of other products.

An Examination of the Effectiveness of Crisis Response Strategies for Repairing Competence and Integrity Violations

  • Sung, Yen-yi;Lee, Han-joon;Park, Jong-chul
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.129-154
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    • 2013
  • Product-harm crises, which are connected to defective or dangerous products, are perceived as the most common threats to a company. Product harm crises can distort long standing favorable equality perceptions, tarnish a company's reputation, cause major revenue and market-share losses, lead to costly product recalls, and devastate a carefully nurtured brand equity. However, in spite of the devastating impact of product-harm crises, little systematic research exists to asses its marketing consequences. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate how Koreans react to the crisis response in the aftermath of different crises(competence violation vs. integrity violation) and inspire additional research in crisis communication. This study has three main findings which run counter to the assumptions of Kim et al.(2007). Namely, the current study expands on the research of Kim et al. (2004, 2007) by examining how companies repair customers' trust and corporate attitude after crises. Different from previous studies, this study assumes that apology for an integrity-based crisis is the most appropriate way to repair consumer trust and corporate attitude. As for competence-based crisis, similarly, apology for competence-based crisis can be more successful repairing consumer trust and corporate attitude. Concerning silence strategy, remaining silent dose not admit or deny guilt right away, but instead of asking the perceiver to withhold judgment, suggesting that, silence could be expected to be superior to apology but inferior to denial. Finally, apology for competence violation will be expected to bemore effective than apology for integrity violation. Research conceptual model was as follows: According to the results, apology is found to be the most effective strategy to repair corporate attitude no matter the crisis is perceived as a violation of competence or integrity. Second, company may consider keeping silent as a desirable response because they does not admit nor deny responsibility but ask the public to withhold judgment. However, the result of this study shows that, in the overall crisis situations, silence strategy did not differ significantly from the denial strategy, which suggested that the public wants explanation instead of uncertainty. Third, there was the interaction effect between crisis type and crisis response strategies. In this study, apology is more effective for the competence violated situation in terms of regaining consumer trust and repairing their attitude toward company, while the apology's effectiveness is lower for the integrity-violated situation. More specifically, when the crisis is perceived due to company's lack of ability(competence violation), consumer's trust belief and attitude toward the company is more easily to repair when the company issued a sincere apology. Damaged product is perceived less intentional so participants are more likely to give the company second chance when they apology to the public. By contrast, exaggerated advertisement(integrity violation) is perceived intentionally and thus makes participants angrier toward the accused company. Although apology is perceived as the most effective strategy, when issuing apology, it also means the company admitted their intention. Therefore, in this kind of crisis situation, trust repair needs not only a sincere apology but additional efforts.

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Effects of Increasing Market Weight of Finishing Pigs on Backfat Thickness, Incidence of the 'Caky-fatty' Belly, Carcass Grade, and Carcass Quality Traits (비육돈의 출하체중 증가가 등지방두께, '떡지방' 삼겹살 발생률, 도체등급 및 도체의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Man Jong;Park, Byung Chul;Ha, Duck-Min;Kim, Jin-Bo;Jang, Kyoung-Soon;Lee, Do-Hyun;Kim, Gwan-Tae;Jin, Sang-Keun;Lee, C. Young
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.55 no.3
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    • pp.195-202
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    • 2013
  • The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of increasing pig market weight on the incidence of the 'caky-fatty' belly, carcass grade and carcass quality traits. To this end, 500 (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc market pigs consisting of equal numbers of barrows and gilts were slaughtered at body weights ranging from 85 to 150 kg and their carcasses were analyzed. Backfat thickness (BFT; mm) of the barrows and gilts regressed on live weight (kg) linearly as follows: BFT (y) = 0.1827x + 3.4825 ($r^2$ = 0.4671) and y = 0.2015x-0.6972 ($r^2$ = 0.4736), respectively. The caky-fatty belly, which, by definition of the present study, had = 55% fat by weight in the dorsal-side half of a 5 cm-wide belly strip between the $11^{th}$ and $12^{th}$ ribs, was found in 10 carcasses from barrows. However, no belly was condemned as 'caky-fatty' by the retailers. Total number of carcasses which were down-graded on account of overweight was as many as 101 (20.2%). The $1^+A$-grade carcasses exhibited a superior intramuscular fat score to all other grades, but except for this and the defective quality traits, no visible differences were found in carcass quality among different carcass grades. In conclusion, the current carcass grading system, which is sparingly reflective of the carcass quality and also under-evaluates the larger but otherwise normal carcasses, may as well be revised. Moreover, the incidence of the caky-fatty belly appears not to be a critical factor to be considered when increasing the pig market weight.

Product Liability and Causation in Criminal Law (형법상 제조물책임과 인과관계의 확정)

  • Lee, Seok-Bae
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.3-28
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    • 2016
  • While product liability has been settled as a technical term in civil law, criminal law does not commonly accept technical term for it. Not like civil law, product liability in criminal law point outs individual responsibility and disability of normative order. Meaning that causation between individual's action of violation of duty and the result of danger of legal interest or infringement of legal interest must be proved. In criminal law excluding "non-result-constituted crimes (Unternehmensdelikt)", charge of injuring, accidental infliction of injury, homicide or involuntary manslaughter is problematic in product liability. Of course, it is necessary to distinguish whether the action related to the outcome is act or ommission. Also the causal relationship between the action and the result must be proved, and the intention or negligence should be recognized. In this paper, it analyzes cases that were problematic in Korea, Germany, Spain, etc. Mainly focusing on the problems revealed in the determination of causal relationship, especially recognizing criminal liability related to products. Furthermore it is followed by the view of reviewing the cause-and-effect relationship by 2 steps, dividing natural scientific causation and the normative causal relationship. In this process, to acknowledge criminal product liability in accordance with recognizing cause-and-effect relationship, there should be general risk of specific substance causing the outcome. This only premise can be meaningful to examine the casual relationship from specific cases. As it shows in some cases and theories, it is not contradicting general law of cause and effect by determining specific causal relationship by free evaluation of evidence if a general causal relationship does not exist. Also since judge's testimony does not hold a dominant position from rule of thumb, it is possible to recognize specific causal relationship. However this paper takes position that if there is no objective and reasonably undeniable cause and effect law. If there is no objective and reasonably undeniable causal law, which is the premise for recognizing concrete causal relations, judge should sentence guilty according to "in dubio pro reo" principle. In addition, it is not allowed for the defendant to burden unproven fact by free evaluation of evidence which has an effect of shift of burden of proof.

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