Introduction: To cover the exposed tendons and bones in the foot and hand which need coverage and abundant vascular flow, lateral arm flaps were transferred. Lateral arm flap is a thin and innervated fasciocutaneous flap with a lower lateral cutaneous nerve and posterior radial collateral artery. Materials and methods: From October 1992 through September 2003, we have performed 5 lateral arm flaps for reconstruction of the exposed achilles tendons in 2 cases and the exposed forearm extensors, 2nd to 5th metacarpal bones and scaphoid each 1 case. The causes were traffic accident in 2 cases and machinary injury in 3 cases. Age range was between 31 to 74 (average 50) and all male except 1. Posterior lateral collateral artery and venae comitantes were anastomosed by end to end in 3 cases and vena comitante in 2 cases. Lower lateral cutaneous nerve was anastomosed with a branch of superficial radial nerve in 2 cases. Results: The results were evaluated by survival of the flap, sensory discrimination, cosmesis and comfort in the activities of the daily living. All flaps were survived. Sensory recovery was graded as deep cutaneous pain sensibility in 2 cases. Cosmesis was moderately satisfied and comfort was good except 1 as moderate. Postoperative defatting procedure was done in 1 case and skin abrasion was occurred in 1 case. Conclusion: Lateral arm flap was suitable for coverage of the exposed achilles tendons and exposed forearm extensors, metacarpals and scaphoid in the wrist.
Bone graft had been widely investigated for reconstruction of bone defects or acceleration of bone healing in orthopedics, neurosurgery and dental surgery. Autograft is the golden standard of bone graft but it is associated with donor site morbidity and is restricted in quantity. Xenograft has been researched an alternative method for autograft. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of new bone formation according to three different preparations of implants on rabbit xenograft. Cortical bone xenografts which made from bovine femoral cortical bone were treated by freezing, freeze-drying or defat-freezing implant preparations. They were transplanted into proximal diaphyseal shaft of bifibulae of 15 rabbits which were divided into three groups according to their implant preparation method. The fibulae transplantations were evaluated radiographically and examined osteoblast activity by bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) biweekly for 16 weeks to observe new bone formation and union of the experimental defected region. New bone formation was observed in 7 cases in freeze-drying and defat-freezing group, respectively. Union of proximal and distal end of defected region, which was considered as success of bone graft, was observed in 4 cases (40%; 4 of 10 cases), respectively. In freezing group, new bone formation was observed in 6 cases but, there is no union observed. BALP value was increased over twice after two weeks of graft procedure in all union cases of freeze-drying and defat-freezing group (two of five animals, respectively) then gradually decreased to 16th week. In non-union cases, there is no significant variation in BALP value. Defat-freezing or freeze-drying preparations of implants are more efficacious in new bone formation than freezing method on rabbit xenograft. While it is difficult to propose which is superior between defat-freezing and freeze-drying, defatting of implants may enhance new bone formation in xenograft.
This study was conducted to determine the supplemental effects of two insect meals, mealworm (MW) and black soldier fly (BSF), with high or low lipid levels in diets, on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Sardine and tuna by-product meals were used as the fish meal source in a control (Con) diet. The fish meals were replaced with MW, defatted MW (deMW), BSF or defatted BSF (deBSF), respectively. The shrimp (body weight: 0.47 g) were stocked into 20 acryl tanks (215 L) and fed the diets six times a day. After 45 days of the feeding trial, the shrimp that were fed insect meals had significantly higher phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities than the shrimp fed Con diet. The gene expressions of prophenoloxidase, crustin and penaeidine-3c in shrimp hepatopancrease were also higher in shrimp that were fed the insect diets, regardless of defatting than those in shirmp that were fed Con diet. The survival against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was higher in shrimp that were fed the diets containing defatted insect meals than in shrimp that were fed Con diet. These results indicate that MW and BSF, regardless of lipid levels, could be good protein sources for the enhancement of innate immunity and anti-oxidant capacity of the shrimp.
Kim, Tae-Kyung;Cha, Ji Yoon;Yong, Hae In;Jang, Hae Won;Jung, Samooel;Choi, Yun-Sang
Food Science of Animal Resources
/
v.42
no.3
/
pp.372-388
/
2022
Insects have long been consumed by humans as a supplemental protein source, and interest in entomophagy has rapidly increased in recent years as a potential sustainable resource in the face of environmental challenges and global food shortages. However, food neophobia inhibits the widespread consumption of edible insects, despite their high nutritional and functional value. The own characteristics of edible insect protein such as foaming properties, emulsifying properties, gelling properties and essential amino acid ratio can be improved by drying, defatting, and extraction. Although nutritional value of some protein-enriched bread, pasta, and meat products, especially essential amino acid components was increased, replacement of conventional food with edible insects as a novel food source has been hindered owing to the poor cross-linking properties of edible insect protein. This deterioration in physicochemical properties may further limit the applicability of edible insects as food. Therefore, strategies must be developed to improve the quality of edible insect enriched food with physical, chemical, and biological methods. It was presented that an overview of the recent advancements in these approaches and highlight the challenges and prospects for this field. Applying these strategies to develop insect food in a more familiar form can help to make insect-enriched foods more appealing to consumers, facilitating their widespread consumption as a sustainable and nutritious protein source.
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) extraction was applied for the defatting of mealworm to prepare defatted powder (DP) and protein isolate (PI) and compare the process to press and hexane extraction, with respect to DP and PI physicochemical properties. SCO2 DP was obtained by extracting 34.40% oil at 41.37 MPa, 40℃ for 180 min, and the product contained 71.66% crude protein, which is similar to that of hexane DP and higher than that of press DP. In using alkali protein extraction to prepare PI from DP, SCO2 was as effective as hexane and better than press. SCO2 produced brighter DP and PI than press, but not as much as hexane. Protein solubility was similar in all DP, with minimum values at pH 5. The highest water adsorption capacity was noticeable for SCO2 PI, and SCO2 DP showed an oil adsorption capacity comparable to that of hexane DP. SCO2 DP and PI had better foaming capacity than press DP and PI and showed superior emulsion activity compared to others.
In an attempt to quantitate and qualitate residual antibiotics and antibacterial agents in meat simultaneously, we studied a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/M8) analysis. For a simultaneous analysis of penicillin G, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol in meat, a simple and rapid clean-up procedure including extraction with 0.01 M EDTA-2Na Mcilvaine buffer (pH 4.0), defatting with n-hexane, and elution with 0.01M-methanolic oxalic acid from Bond Elute $C_{18}$ cartridge, and quantitation by selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode after derivatization was performed. The recoveries (%) of penicillin G, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol (CV, %) at 1 ppm fortification level were 63.5 (7.6), 76.3 (8.1) and 84.7 (2.0), and the detection limits of those were 0.6, 0.085 and $0.084\;\mu\textrm{g}$ beef, respectively. This method using 81M mode allows excellent detection and quantitation of residual antibiotics and antibacterial agents in meat. Moreover, confirmation by a full scan electron impact mass spectrum is possible if residual level in the sample in above 1 ppm.
Purpose: Full thickness skin grafts are useful in the reconstruction of facial skin defects when primary closure is not feasible. Although the supraclavicular area has been considered as the choice of donor site for large facial skin defect, many patients are reluctant to get a neck scar and some patients do not have enough skin to cover the defect owing to the same insult occurred to the neck such as burn accident. We present several cases of reconstruction of facial skin defects by freehand full-thickness skin graft from anterolateral chest wall resulting aesthetically acceptable outcome with lesser donor site morbidity. Methods: Retrospective review was performed from March, 2007 to September, 2009. 15 patients were treated by this method. Mean age was 31.5 years. The ethiology was congenital melanocytic nevus in 7 cases, capillary malformation in 5 cases and burn scar contracture in 3 cases. Mean area of lesion was measured to 67.3 cm2 preoperatively. The lesion was removed beneath the subcutaneous fatty tissue layer. The graft was not trimmed to be thin except defatting procedure. For the larger size of defect, two pieces of grafts were harvested from both anterolateral chest wall in separation and combined by suture. Results: The mean follow up period was 9.7 months. All the grafts survived without any problem except small necrotic areas in 4 cases, which healed spontaneously under conventional dressings in 6 weeks postoperatively. Color match was relatively excellent. There were 2 cases of hyperpigmentation immediately, but all of them disappeared in a few months. Conclusion: In cases of large facial skin defects, the anterolateral chest wall may be a good alternative choice of full-thickness skin graft.
Obesity, an intractable metabolic disease, currently has no medical treatment without side effects, so studies have been actively carried out to find natural compounds that have anti-obesity activity with minimum side effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of water extracts of seven Capsicum annuum L. varieties being Putgochu (Pca), Oyee gochu (Oca), Kwari putgochu (Kca), Green pepper (Gca), Yellow paprika (Yca), Red paprika (Rca) and Cheongyang gochu (Cca), were examined through the evaluation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression level in 3T3-L1 cells (mouse pre-adipocytes). After capsaicin elimination by chloroform defatting, freeze-dried powder of Cca was treated to 3T3-L1 cells and anti-obesity effects were examined by determining the LPL mRNA level using the RT-PCR method. Of the primary fractions, only proven fractions underwent secondary and tertiary refractionating to determine anti-obesity effects. From seven different Capsicum annuum L., there was a significant decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level of 50.9% in Cca treatment compared to the control group. A significant decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level was shown in primary fractions (Fr) 5 (36.2% decrease) and 6 (30.5% decrease) of the Cca water extracts. Due to the impurities checked by UPLC chromatography, Fr 5 and 6 were refractionated to determine the LPL mRNA expression level. Treatment of Fr 6-6 (35.8% decrease) and Fr 5-6 (35.3% decrease) showed a significant decrease in the LPL mRNA expression level. When analyzed using UPLC, major compounds of Fr 6-6 and Fr 5-6 were very similar. Subsequently, we refractionated Fr 6-6 and Fr 5-6 to isolate the major peak for structure elucidation. Treatment of Fr 5-6-1 (26.6% decrease) and Fr 6-6-1 (29.7% decrease) showed a significant decrease in the LPL mRNA expression level. Consequently, the fractions may have a possibility to ameliorate obesity through the decrease of the LPL mRNA expression level.
We tried to extract bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from the freeze-dried bovine cortical bone (FBCB) for bone graft, which were defatted with chloroform-methanol for 20 days, freeze-dried at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 7 days and sterilized by ethylene oxide gas. Two kg of FBCB were pulverized in a wheel mill to $0.5-2.0mm^3$ cubic in size. The bone particles were demineralized in 0.6N HCI for 10 days at chloroform-methanol$4^{\circ}C$ and defatted with chloroform-methanol for 6 hours at room temperature, which was going to be defatting and demineralized cortical bone (DDM). For extracting BMP, DDM was agitated continuously through 72 hours with magnetic stirrer at $4^{\circ}C$ into 12 times of volume of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) solution containing proteinase inhibitors to protect BMP such as 2mM N-ethylaleimide, 1mM iodoacetic acid, 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and a sterilizer, 1mM sodium azide. The extraction procedure was repeated for three times. All extracted solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and then, the supernatant was dialyzed with 12 times of volume of deionized water at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24-72 hours, which cut off below 6,000-8,000 molecular weight. The dialyzed specimen contained crude-BMP was centrifuged, freeze-dried, and weighted. Through these processing, we could obtained $84.9\%$ as FBCB, $17.8\%$ as DDM and $0.71\%$ as crude-BMP from the wet cortical bone without cancellous bone, marrow and muscles. The crude-BMP were obtained $68.3\%$ from the first extraction, $29.6\%$ from secondary and $2.1\%$ from tertiary, respectively. It was suggested that high yield of crude-BMP migth be explained by three-time repetition of the extraction processing for crude-BMP with Gdn-Hcl sol.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.35
no.4
/
pp.470-475
/
2006
In order to elucidate the differences of protein profiles among soybean cultivars, the protein composition of three conventional domestic soybean cultivars and two imported ones including glyphosate-tolerant HS2906 was analyzed by total nitrogen measurement, amino acid analysis and PAGE/densitometry. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of any amino acid, including aromatic amino acids, between glyphosale-tolerant soybean and the conventional soybean WS82. In the extraction of protein, the SDS/buffer system was more efficient than the defatting/water system. The SDS-PAGE/densitometry analysis showed that there was a similar profile of proteins among cultivars, although the amount of total protein ranged from 380.2 mg/g to 423.9 mg/g. In addition, there was no discernable difference of protein profile between glyphosate- tolerant soybean (total protein amount, 380.2 mg/g) and the conventional soybean WS82 (390.2 mg/g), although the amount of ${\beta}$-conglycinin (55 kDa) was lower in glyphosate-tolerant soybean. Meanwhile, the amount of 25 kDa protein was greater in domestic soybean cultivars than imported ones. Thus, normal PAGE/ densitometry method would be useful to analyze the difference in protein profiles of soybean proteins, and furthermore Evaluate the protein profile of proteins between GMO and conventional soybean.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.