• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast(Saccharomyces exiguus SJPAF1, referred to as SA) addition on odor emission and contaminants reduction in piggery sluny. Four different rates of yeast addition were compared: no addition(SA0), 0.7L(SA0.7), 1.0L(SA1.0), and 1.5L(SA1.5) to one tone of piggery slurry. Odor emission tended to decrease with increasing the yeast application with concurrent effects of changes in temperature on outside of reactors. Particularly, reduction in ammonia emission was proportional to the yeast application rate; it reduced from 161.1 ppm in SA0 to 47.1 ppm in SA1.5 after 6 days of treatment Decomposition of piggery shiny by yeast increased to 13.8% more in SA1.5, and total amounts of piggery slurry decreased to 12.5% in SA1.5. Total coliforms were detected below 30MPN $ml^{-1}$ in SA1.5, while $8.3{\times}10^3$ MPN $ml^{-1}$ of Total coliforms were found in SA0. However, the effect of yeast addition in piggery slurry seemed to have no influence on the removal efficiency of contaminants such as BOD, COD, $NO_3^{-}-N$, $NH_4^{+}-N$, $PO_4^{-}P$. Consequently, the yeast(Saccharomyces exiguus SJPAF1) addition of 1.5% in the piggery sluny seems to have potential applicability for improving agent of pig-farm environment.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2018

In 21th century, climate change is one of the fundamental issue. Greenhouses gases are pointed as the main cause of climate change. Soil play a vital role of carbon sink and also can be a huge source of greenhouse gases defense on the management. Flux of greenhouse gases is not the only factor can be changed by climate change. Climate change can alter proper management. Temperature change will modify crop planting and harvesting date. Other management skills like fertilizer, manure, irrigation, tillage can also be changed with climate change. In this study, greenhouse gases emission in rice paddy in South Korea is simulated with DNDC model from 2011 - 2100 years. Climate for future is simulated with RCP 8.5 scenario for understanding the effect of climate change to greenhouse gases emission. Various rice paddy flooding techniques were applied to find proper management for future management. With conventional flooding technique, climate change increase greenhouse gases emission highly. Marginal flooding can decrease large amount of greenhouse gases emission and even it still increases with climate change, it has the smallest increasing ratio. If we suppose the flooding technique will change for best grain yield, dominant flooding technique will be different from conventional flooding to marginal flooding. The management change will reduce greenhouse gases emission. The result of study shows the possibility to increase greenhouse gases emission with climate change and climate change adaptation can show apposite result compared without the adaptation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 1971

In order to observe the effect of soil added to oil cake in the preparation of liquid fertilizer for flower culture use, a laboratory experiment was carried out, in addition to a pot experiment done with Petunia as an indicator plant. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Faster decaying, and heavier accumulation of ammonia was observed in the mixture of soil, oil cake and water than the mixture of only oil cake and water. At the same time, the former gave better effect on the growth of Petunia than the latter. It was considered that the early raise of pH in the mixture of soil, oil cake and water stimulated the decomposition of oil cake. 2. No pH raise and a small accumulation of ammonia even at the mixture of soil, oil coke and water was observed when temperature was low, around $12-25^{\circ}C$. However, the deficiency of ammonia in the mixture of soil, oil cake and water was large enough to result in the better growth of Petunia than in the mixture without soil.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2020

Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a marker used for the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). FC is also used to determine the effects of treatment and recurrence prediction because of its non-decomposition by bacteria, relative week stability at room temperature, and its uniform distribution within feces. Healthy male and female adults between the age of 30 and 80 living in Jeju were selected for this study. The FC concentration in the healthy control group (N=45) was distributed widely as 0~545.9 ㎍/g and showed a significant difference with age in healthy adults. The FC concentration in adults over 70 years old (80.6 years on average) was 160.3 ㎍/g. The result is approximately 10 times higher than in adults below 50 years (44 years on average), with FC concentrations at 15.88 ㎍/g. Moreover, adults over 50 years, with an average age of 59.6, had FC concentrations of 35.46 ㎍/g, which were two times higher than the below 50-year-old group, confirming the significant correlation between age and FC concentration. As the FC test is a non-invasive and cost-effective objective marker in IBD tests, a suitable cut-off value is required for different ages. This study provides the baseline data for differential diagnoses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.556-562
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• 2007

A total of 126 crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight of $6.3{\pm}0.3$ kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pH of gastro-intestinal tract (GI), intestinal and fecal microflora of young piglets. Pigs were allocated to three dietary treatments based on body weight and gender in a single factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (No COS), T1 (0.2% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.1% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, and T2 (0.4% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.3% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates and 14 pigs were raised in each pen. COS is a low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan that can be obtained from chitin of the crab shell after deacetylation with concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature and then further decomposition by chitosanase enzyme in the presence of ascorbic acid. For the starter and grower periods, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio among treatments. However, during the overall period (6-30 kg), T2 showed better (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio than other treatments. A digestibility study was conducted at the end of grower phase which showed improvement (p<0.05) in DM and crude fat digestibility in T2 over the control. At 25 kg body weight, 6 pigs per treatment (2 per replicate) were sacrificed to determine the effect of diets on pH and microbial count at different sections of the GI tract. The pH of the cecal contents in pigs fed 0.1% COS was higher (p<0.05) than in the other treatments. Total anaerobic bacterial number increased from cecum to rectum in all treatments. The weekly total bacterial counts showed higher (p<0.05) in feces of pigs fed COS than that of untreated pigs at the $8^{th}$ week. The number of fecal E. coli in untreated pigs at $4^{th}$ wk was 7.35 log CFU/g compared to 6.71 and 6.54 log CFU/g in 0.1 and 0.3% COS-treated pigs, respectively. Similarly, at $8^{th}$ wk, fecal clostridium spp. were lower in pigs fed 0.3% COS (5.43 log CFU/g) than in untreated pigs (6.26 log CFU/g). In conclusion, these results indicated that chito-oligosaccharide could improve feed efficiency in young pigs and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1975

Various enzymes produced by the Basidiomycetes, i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus, Pholiota nameko and Flammulina velutipes have been analysed. The purpose of the analyses is to produce a nutritious fertilizer from saw dust, sweet potato stems, corn stems and barley stems which are known as the farm product waste materials. The results of the analyses are as follows: 1. In order for P. ostreatus, Pho. nameko and F. velutipes to grow properly, the saw dust of broad-leaved trees, poplar and chestnut were mixed with sweet-potato stems, corn stems and barley straws at the ratio of $42{\sim}49\;:\;30$, and then to this mixture was added rice bran at the ratio of $18{\sim}35\;:\;30$ The following proved to be optimum conditions for the growth in this test: the parcentage of water content $60{\sim}70%$, $24{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ degrees of temperature. 2. We analyzed the fiber contained in the above materials after 20 days growth in various media. We found out that the fiber was decomposed up to $47{\sim}50%$ and polysaccharified. Lignin was decomposed up to $20{\sim}25%$ and about three times as much protein was contained in the product as in the original materials. 3. Our analyses revealed the possibility of producing concentrated feed from the crude fiber.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2009

To understand contribution of thermophilic microorganisms in decomposition of litter deposits on shore of lakes, we surveyed a lakeshore litter deposit for bacteria growing at $60^{\circ}C$. Ten thermophilic isolates were selected for in-depth characterization, based on their high capacity to degrade high molecular weight organic compounds. Based on phylogenetic analysis on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, all isolates were identified as Geobacillus. The optimal growth temperature and pH of the strains ranged $55{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ and 6.0${\sim}$8.0, respectively. Salinity was inhibitory to the growth of the isolates, showing marked decrease of growth rates at 3% salinity. Based on activities of hydrolytic enzymes and profiles of carbohydrate utilization (determined by API 50 CHB kit), three G. stearothermophilus strains showed patterns clearly distinctive from other isolates. Two G. kaustophilus strains also demonstrated distinctiveness in their metabolic pattern and ecological parameters. However, ecological and metabolic profiles of the other five isolates were more variable and showed some degree of digression from their phylogenetic classification. Therefore, it could be concluded that endospore-forming thermophilic bacteria in lakeshore litter deposits contribute to degradation of organic materials with diverse ecological niches while having successions similar to microbial flora in compost. We propose that the thermophilic isolates and/or their thermo-tolerant enzymes can be applied to industrial processes as appropriate mixtures.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2012

In order to find a feasibility of applying an agricultural biomass to the anaerobic digestion system, the effects of pre-treatment of rice straw was investigated by different sizes,temperatures, ultrasonic frequencies, and with/without NaOH treatment on the change of soluble organic matter, which is generated most dominantly in Korea. It was observed that SCOD(soluble chemical oxygen demand) as the index for the decomposition of rice straw increased with the smaller particle size, higher reaction temperature and alkali treatment. With treatment of 5% NaOH, it was shown that the highest concentrations of SCOD were observed at 9,000 mg $L^{-1}$ and 6,000mg $L^{-1}$ at $35^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. Agitating with ultrasonic irradiation could be enhanced SCOD of rice straw less than 3 cm with 40 kHz of ultrasound. Optimal RPM in this study was at 150 rpm regardless of reaction temperatures.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.711-719
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• 2012

The collagens from squid (Todarodes pacificus) skin and Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin were extracted and their physicochemical properties were investigated. The yield was improved with the increase of NaOH concentration and was increased Neutrase than Alcalase in enzymatic hydrolysates. Protein and collagen contents from Alaska pollack skin were 38.3~62.7% and 13.1~28.9%, respectively. All enzymatic hydrolysates also showed high antioxidant activities as NaOH concentration decrease. Composition of their amino acids was mainly glycine and proline. The spectrum of FT-IR of the collagen showed wavenumber at $1,631cm^{-1}$, $1,549cm^{-1}$, $1,234cm^{-1}$ and $3,322cm^{-1}$ representing the regions of amide I, amide II, amide III and amide A, respectively. The decomposition temperature for the collagen was in the range of $300^{\circ}C$ and showed relatively good enough for their thermal stabilities.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.19-24
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• 1969

As a one of the new methods for soybean protein food processings, an attempt was made to decompose steamed soybean protein to amino acids, peptides, and other water soluble forms by the use of protease produced by Aspergillus sojae, and extract them to use as additives of low protein foods or weaning-foods of children. In this paper, as a one part of this subject, the optimum condition, such as optimum pH, temperature, digestion period, raw material's mixing ratio with wheat meal, amount of water added, and effect of sodium chloride addition, to decompose and extract soybean protein were studied. They were obtained when mixing raw materials with wheat meal in the ratio of 10:4 and adding six folds of water at $40-45^{\circ}C$, pH 5-8 for 18 hrs. digestion. Although sodium chloride addition exerted an unfavorable influence upon the decomposition of the aforementioned materials, it was effective to prolongation of digestion period. Under the abovementioned optimum conditions, the maximum extractability of soybean protein as forms of amino acids, peptides, and other water soluble forms, was nearly 70 percent against protein content of raw materials.