• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2002

This study showed the current plantation of woody landscape plants of 42 school gardens in Daejeon metropolitan city. The ratio between evergreen tree and deciduous tree was 67% to 33%. The ratio between evergreen shrub and deciduous shrub was 48% to 52%. Also, 161 kinds of woody species were found; evergreen tree was 21 species, deciduous tree was 67 species, evergreen shrub was 16 species, deciduous shrub was 44 species, and vine and the others were 13 species. The proportion of native woody species was 61% (98 out of 161 species). 110 species were planted at the front garden area. In the mid-garden, 77 kinds of woody species were found. In the side garden, 95 kinds of woody species were found. In the rear garden, 92 kinds of woody species were found. The surrounding of play ground and outer area were planted 82 species. The first ranked evergreen tree was Juniperus chinensis‘Kaizuka’. And Deciduous tree, evergreen shrub, deciduous shrub, and vine showed Gingko biloba, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Hibiscus syriacus, Wisteria floribunda, respectively. The school symbol of tree and flower was planted in 41 schools. The first rank plants of school symbol tree and flower were Pinus densiflora, Forsythia koreana and Rosa spp. Plant nameplate was found at 22 schools. The plant nameplate was used for 1∼10 species at 17 schools. In conclusion, plantation of landscape trees should be considered characteristic of each school area. In addition, school landscape should be planned distinction of a elementary school, a middle school, a high school, and a school for handicapped. School landscape should be considered carefully from functional, natural, educational environment and maintenance viewpoints as well as urban forest networking.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.433-449
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• 1998

설악산국립공원 장수대에서 한계령에 이르는 자양천지역의 식물군집구조를 조사하기 위하여 62개 조사구(1개 조사구당 100m$^2$)를 설정하고 식생조사를 실시하였다. 62개 조사구는 DCA 분석을 통하여 6개 군집(소나무-황철나무군집, 소나무군집, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군집, 신갈나무군집, 신갈나무-까치박달군집, 까치박달-낙엽활엽수군집)으로 분류되었으며, 신갈나무군집, 신갈나무-까치박달군집, 가치박달-낙엽활엾군집은 해발고 755m 이상에 분포하였고, 나머지 군집은 그 아래에 위치하였다. 해발고 755m 이상의 군집은 신갈나무에서 까치박달로 천이가 진행되고 있거나. 까치박달과 낙엽활엽수가 서로 경쟁하고 있었다. 해발고 500~560m 지역은 소나무군집이었으나, 장기적으로 낙엽활엽수군집으로 촌이가 진행될 것이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권6호
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• pp.756-766
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• 2001

자연적으로 분포하고 있는 백운봉지역 상록활엽수림의 산림군락구조를 파악하기 위하여 총 31개의 조사구($300m^2$)를 설치하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. 조사구내에서 출현된 54개의 수종에 대한 평균중요치를 변수로 Cluster 분석한 결과 붉가시나무군락(Quercus acuta community), 붉가시나무-동백나무군락(Quercus acuta-Camellia japonica community), 붉가시나무-낙엽활엽수군락(Quercus acuta-Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community), 붉가시나무-상록 낙엽활엽수군락(Quercus acuta-Evergreen Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community), 붉가시나무-개서어나무군락(Quercus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community) 등 5개의 유형으로 구분되었다. 교목상층과 교목하층의 식피율은 각각 평균 88%, 53%였고, 출현빈도가 높은 식물은 붉가시나무, 동백나무, 때죽나무, 사스레피나무, 광나무, 생달나무, 사람주나무, 당단풍 순이었다. 조사지 내 주요 우점 수종은 붉가시나무 외에 때죽나무, 산벚나무, 서어나무, 졸참나무, 개서어나무가 우점하였으며, 교목하층은 붉가시나무, 동백나무, 사스레피나무, 광나무, 생달나무, 사람주나무 순으로 우점하였다. 산정 주변지역을 제외하고는 교목상층 및 교목하층에서 우세한 붉가시나무림이 지속적으로 유지될 것으로 추정되었다. 각 군락에 대한 종다양도는 붉가시나무군락이 0.687, 붉가시나무-동백나무군락이 0.866, 붉가시나무-낙엽활엽수군락이 0.933, 붉가시나무-상록 낙엽활엽수군락이 0.966, 붉가시나무-개서어나무군락이 1.018로 나타났다. 각 군락에 대한 우점도는 0.206~0.416으로 나타났다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.345-352
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• 1998

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera $L_{EV}$.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age>2 years and height<1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height>1m and dbh<10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh>10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.40-53
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• 2021

The level of soil organic carbon (SOC) fluctuates in different types of forest stands: this variation can be attributed to differences in tree species, and the variables associated with soil, climate, and topographical features. The present review evaluates the level of SOC in different types of forest stands to determine the factors responsible for the observed variation. Mixed stands have the highest amount of SOC, while coniferous (both deciduous-coniferous and evergreen-coniferous) stands have greater SOC concentrations than deciduous (broadleaved) and evergreen (broadleaved) tree stands. There was a significant negative correlation between SOC and mean annual temperature (MAT) and sand composition, in all types of forest stands. In contrast, the silt fraction has a positive correlation with SOC, in all types of tree stands. Variation in SOC under different types of forest stands in different landscapes can be due to differences in MAT, and the sand and silt fraction of soil apart from the type of forests.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.338-341
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• 2005

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2022

Background: Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a major commercial species, and the importance of the oak trees (Quercus spp.) is increasing due to various factors such as environmental and ecological values. However, more information is required to clearly understand the growth characteristics of these species especially regarding thinning intensity. This study was performed to provide the basic information to develop the silvicultural guideline and field manual by analyzing tree and stand characteristics in line with thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation and oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Results: Diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume changes by the thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation were significantly different from those in the oak-dominated deciduous natural forest. In particular, DBH distribution in the pine stand appeared that there were more large diameter trees as the thinning intensity was higher. DBH periodic annual increment (PAI) of the pine stand was higher as the thinning intensity was stronger and the growth period was shorter. This trend was similarly shown in the natural deciduous forest, but the amount of PAI was smaller than in pine stand. The volume PAI after thinning was not decreased over time. In each stand type, the PAI tended to be lower as stand density was higher. The volume PAI in the pine stand was significantly higher than that in the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Dead trees occurred the most in the unthinned plots of each stand type, and those were higher in the natural deciduous forest. Ingrowth trees were observed only in the natural deciduous forest, and its distribution was the lowest in unthinned plots; Korean white pine as ingrowth occurred the most frequently among many tree species. Conclusions: Different effects of thinning treatment on DBH and volume PAI, mortality, and ingrowth were observed for each stand. With respect to forest growth, Korean white pine plantation was superior to the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. The results of this study offer fundamental information for the development of silvicultural guidelines for Korean white pine plantations and oak-dominated natural deciduous forests in Korea.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

Recognizing the importance of the multi-purpose management of natural deciduous forest, this study was carried out to implement the partial cutting for stand regulation to examine agroforestry practice as well as other concurrent forest resource production, and to investigate the changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced natural deciduous stand in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different partial cutting intensities (68.1%, 48.6%, and control) were performed in the unmanaged natural deciduous stand in order to improve the growing condition, especially light condition, for introducing some commercial herbaceous plants on the forest floor to establish agroforestry and/or silvopastoral system. Dominated by Quercus varibilis Blume (50.5%) and Quercus dentata Thum. ex Murray (42.6%), eight tree species were composed of the study forest, including poles of Pinus desiflora Siebold & Zucc and sapling of Pinus Koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. The total of 87 (13 tree species, 12 shrub species, 58 herbaceous species, and 4 woody climbers) vascular plant species were observed in study site after partial cutting treatments, while that of before partial cutting was 53 species (14 tree species, 8 shrubs species, 30 herbaceous species, and 1 woody climbers). The proportion of life form spectra in plot B was Mi (28.4%)-Na (23.0%)-Ge (17.5%)-Ch (10.8%)-He (9.5%)-MM (6.7%)-Th (4.1%). No statistically significant differences were observed in changes of life form spectra from before to after partial cutting treatment and among partial cutting gradients in this study. Partial cutting and scratching for forage sowing made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and light partial cutting (LPC) plot (500 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those of heavy partial cutting (HPC) plot (310 stems/ha) and control plot (1,270 stems/ha).

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.770-779
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• 2012

낙동정맥 절구골의 식생구조를 파악하고자 계곡부 약 3km 구간을 대상으로 $10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$ 조사구 29개소를 설치하여 식물군집구조 조사를 실시하였다. TWINSPAN classification에 의한 군락 분류 결과 소나무군락, 낙엽활엽수군락, 굴참나무군락, 신갈나무군락, 일본잎갈나무군락 5개 유형으로 분류되었다. 계곡부와 북사면에는 습윤지성 낙엽활엽수와 참나무류가 주로 분포하였고 일본잎갈나무군락은 당분간 현상태를 유지하겠으나 하층의 들메나무, 산뽕나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽성 활엽수의 세력이 우세해지고 있어 장차 이들 종으로의 천이가 기대되었다. 군락별 종다양도지수는 0.9665~1.2450 범위로 낙동정맥 타 지역에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2004

이 연구는 강원대학교 학술림내 천연활엽수림을 대상으로 적절한 보육 벌채 시업 방안을 마련하기 위하여 임목의 형질을 평가하고, 형질에 따라 불량한 임목들을 제거하는 벌채 시업 방안을 제시함으로서, 임목형질 평가 방법을 이용한 천연활엽수림의 개선별 시업 적용을 예측하기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구대상 임분의 평균 ha당 본수는 717 본이었으며, 평균직경은 21.1cm, 평균수고는 13.6m로 파악되었다. 상층에는 졸참나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 쪽동백나무, 느릅나무 등의 순으로 우점도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 4가지의 임목 형질별로 등급을 부여하고, 등급별로 보육 별채를 할 경우마다 단위면적당 임목수, 직경, 수고의 변화를 추정하였다. 형질 등급을 높여서 벌채할수록 임목 본수는 감소하나 임목 형질이 향상되는 효과를 보일 것으로 예상되었다.