• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect bird community in Mt. Paldal, Suwon City. The survey was carried out by line transect method from March 1992 to February 1993, and from October 1998 to August 1999. Twenty-seven birds were recorded, and these birds were also classified into 14 species for residents, 8 species fur summer visitors, 4 species for winter visitors and 1 species fur passage migrant in 1992. Twenty-one birds were recorded, and these birds were also belonged to 16 species fur residents, 2 species fur summer visitors, 2 species for winter visitors and 1 species for passage migrant in 1999. In 1992, seasonal change of number of species and individuals showed a typical pattern of temperate deciduous forests, however, seasonal pattern in 1999 was somewhat differed from that of temperate deciduous forest. According to data of migration habits of bird community in same months, percentage of residents were higher in 1999 and that of summer visitors were higher in 1992. In guild analysis of breeding bird community, bush-nesting and foraging guild that utilize the bush layer as nest and food resources showed the decreasing number of species and individuals, also summer visitors did the same decreasing trends from 1983. Therefore, it should be suggest that protection of bush layer for inhabitation of bush-nesting and foraging guild and summer visitors, and it will be considered that construction of green net-work among urban forests such as Mt. Kwanggyo, Mt. Chilbo, Mt. Paldal, Mt. Sukgi and Mt Yeogi in Suwon City.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.572-579
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• 2007

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

In order to clarify the species composition, distribution and habitat of the Korean wild Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia communities, that are so expected as a useful resource plant, an investigation was carried out according to phytosociological method on Mts. Hambaek, Ilwol, Sobaek, Juwang and Gaya in Korea. In the present study, we made an attempt to elucidate the autecological characteristics of the wild Pyrus species by synecological approach. As a result, the forests including the Pyrus species were divided into the two associations and two communities, considering the existing vegetation units for the forest; Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae, Corylo-Quercetum mongozicae, Ainsziaea acerifolia- Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Pyrus ussuriensis community. Among the units, the Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae and the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae belong to southern type and middile-northern type, respectively, in their distributional type. It is inferred that the wild Pyrus species are distributed preferably in the deciduous forest zone in Korea, compared to the other forest zones. In particular the Pyrus species are present alone or dominantly in only both the tree layer or subtree layer of the forests, reflecting their shade intolerance ecophysiologically. Thus they usually were distributed in SE or SW of slope aspect. Generally the canopy of the forests including the Pyrus species was so open. Species diversity of the vegetation units was highest in the Syneizesio-Quercetum serratae and lowest in the Ainsliaea acerifolia-Quercus mongolica community. The Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae and the Pyrus ussuriensis-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community are medium between the two.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1994

A study was conducted to examine the leaf expansion forms and to analyze the leaf growth in early growing season of 1992 in a temperate deciduous forest in central region of Korea. After the winter bud scale fell off, the expansion forms of 11 woody species were divided into 3 groups, spreading fan form, opening form from half folding, and unrolling form from main vein. The ratios of leaf area at the end of growing season to that of leaf expantion time varied among species, and were related closely to expansion forms. The leaves reached to full size between the third ten days of April and the middle ten days of May, except for a few species. Leaf weight, however, increased steadily during the growing season. Specific leaf area (SLA) increased rapidly for 10-20 days after leaf expansion and decreased rapidly for 10 days after reaching maximum values, and thereafter decreased slowly. The SLA values of trees were smaller than $200cm^2/g$, but those of subtree and shrub were larger than $200cm^2/g$.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.127-131
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the characteristics of standing crop biomass, production and nutrient content of dead bole in mature ecosystem, we surveyed the dynamics of decaying bole of old-aged deciduous forest in 1993 and 2002 in Kwangnung Experimental Forest Station. In addition, we and estimated annual bole production, water content, wood density and nutrient content and compared the results with that of temperate ecosystem. Total dead wood biomass was estimated to be 5.6ton/ha in 1993 and 17.6ton/ha in 2002. Standing dead tree accounted for a total of 1.1ton/ha in 1993 and 4.8ton/ha in 2002, which was 20% and 27% of the sum of dead bole mass in 1993 and 2002, respectively. Annual production of bole biomass was 1.3 ton/ha/yr. These values fall into the low range of dead wood biomass for the mature temperate ecosystems. Tree species composing standing bole was mainly Quercus and Carpinus trees. This bole species composition resembles alive species composition of this forest. Water content of bole increased as positive logarithmically, but wood density of bole decreased as negative exponentially along with the progress of decay. N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations in decaying boles generally increased with decay, except for K. Annual nutrient input via dead bole is 1.6kg/ha/yr for N, 0.04 kg/ha/yr for P. 1.0 kg/ha/yr for K, 1.7kg/ha/yr for Ca and 0.3 kg/ha/yr for Mg, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.261-265
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the characteristics of standing crop biomass, production and nutrient content of dead bole in mature ecosystem, we surveyed the dynamics of decaying bole of old-aged deciduous forest in 1993 and 2002 in Kwangnung Experimetal Forest Station. In addition, we and estimated annual bole production, water content, wood density and nutrient content and compared the results with that of temperate ecosystem. Total dead wood biomass was estimated to be 5.6ton/ha in 1993 and 17.6 ton/ha in 2002. Standing dead tree accounted for a total of 1.1 ton/ha in 1993 and 4.8 ton/ha in 2002, which was 20% and 27$\%$ of the sum of dead bole mass in 1993 and 2002, respectively. Annual production of bole biomass was 1.3 ton/ha/yr. These values fall into the low range of dead wood biomass for the mature temperate ecosystems. Tree species composing standing bole was mainly Quercus and Carpinus trees. This bole species composition resembles alive species composition of this forest. Water content of bole increased as positive logarithmically, but wood density of bole decreased as negative exponentially along with the progress of decay. N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations in decaying boles generally increased with decay, except for K. Annual nutrient input via dead bole is 1.6 kg/ha/yr for N, 0.04 kg/ha/yr for P, 1.0 kg/ha/yr for K, 1.7 kg/ha/yr for Ca and 0.3 kg/ha/yr for Mg, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.191-203
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• 2006

To understand the effect of forest fragmentation on forest-dwelling birds, it is more effective to analyze on the selected specialists than on the whole bird community. We investigated the edge preference of forest-dwelling birds to discriminate habitat specialist species in the interior and on the edge of temperate deciduous forests in central Korea. Point count and line transect census were conducted at Gwangneung forest from February to October. Our result shows that there was no consistent tendency in abundance of birds between in the interior and on the edge because of the different landscape characteristics and the high proportion of habitat generalists. Five habitat specialists in 73 bird species were identified by the differences in both population densities; three forest interior and two forest edge specialists. Asian Stubtail Warblers (Urosphena squameiceps), Pale Thrushes (Turdus pallidus) and Coal Tits (Parus ater) were included in the forest interior group, but Black-billed Magpies (Pica pica) and Black-naped Orioles (Oriolus chinensis) were classified as the forest edge group. We suppose that a selective monitoring on patterns and changes in spatial use of these five habitat specialists is needed to estimate the effects of forest fragmentation in temperate deciduous forests. And, moreover, systematic monitoring methods for field survey should be established based on the point count method and line transect census to ensure the equality of data.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 1992

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds were quantitatibly isolated from the soils of mt.halla (above 900m in altitude), korea, according to the 'clonal isolation technique(cavender and raper, 1965a)'. Total fifteen species were found, including 1 new and 6 undescribed species.these are dictyostelium mucorodes, dictostelium minutem,polysphondylium pallidum fasciculatum, polysphondylium violaceum, dictyostelium flavidum,dictyostelium fasciculatum, polysphondylium violaceum, dictyostelium flavidum sp. n.(HL-1),dictyostelium aureo-stipes var. aureo-stipes, dictyostelium capitatum, dictyostelium giganteum,dictyostelium polycephalum,dictyostelium brefeldianum,dictyostelium macrocephalum, and dictyostelium sphaerocephalum, dictyostelium sp. (HL-2), dictyostelium sp. (CJ-9). D. mucoroides was the dominant species, and D. minutam,p.pallidum, d. fasciculatum, and p. violaceum were relatively common. d. polycephalum, d. brefeldianum, d. macrocephalum, dictyostelium sp. (HL-3), and d. sphaerocephalum were very rare. Species diversity appeared to be the highest in the deciduous broad-leaved forest from the soils of which 14 species were isolated. eight species were, including five undescribed species, isolated only from this forest soils. Number of isolates severely decrease at the forests above 1,500m in altitude.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 2014

Forest vegetation of Noinbong (1,338 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, shrub forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 203 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 85 communities of mountain valley forest, 18 communities of coniferous forests, 3 communities of subalpine coniferous forests, 4 communities of subapine deciduous forests, 2 communities of shrub forests, 1 communities of riparian forests, 21 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 54.856 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 15.482 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 78.091 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Quercus serrata, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2006

This study was conducted to analyze the relationships between distributions of major hardwood species and characteristics of topography in natural hardwood forest at Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-gun, Gangwon-do which belongs to mid-northern part of the temperate forest. Acer pictum var. mono, Acer manshuricum and Quercus mongolica were affected by elevation, while Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla were affected by the change of slope. Importance values of A. pictum, Betula costata, Ulmus laciniata and Cornus controversa in valley were 13.41%, 5.68% and 3.29%, respectively, which were higher than in any other topography. Species diversity of valley was the highest with 0.98. Ratio of A. pictum and Q. mongolica in dominant species were 24% and 14%, respectively in valley, while were 19% and 23% in slop. Q. mongolica ratio in ridgeline was higher than any other species. Importance values of A. pictum increased continuously until elevation 1,200 m. importance values of F. rhynchophylla was 6.6% which was the highest value found on elevation 800 m. Distributions of major hardwood species were different according to the elevation. The ratio of Q. mongolica and A. pictum were 6.4%~17.5% and 6.0%~10.7% respectively, which were the highest ratio. Species diversity increased according to the increase of the elevation.