• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.72-82
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establislment characteristics and germination pattern of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). Eight varieties of PR were evaluated in the study. An alternative environmental condition for a PR germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed daily for 30 days. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and final germination rate. Germination rates were variable among the varieties, being 66.00 to 93.75% at the end of study. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among PR varieties. The first germination in all entries tested was initiated from 3 to 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions, being 2 days in differences among the varieties. It was 4 to 7 DAS in days to the 50% germination, being 1 to 3 days later from the first germination and three days were variable among them. Days to the 75% germination were 5.93 to 10.50 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 4.57 days in variety differences. Pennant II and Brightstar II were the fastest varieties. The slowest ones were Revenge GLX and Brightstar SLT. Considering days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern etc, Pennant II and Brightstar II were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From tills study, information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with PR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-41
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated in the study. An alternative condition for a CB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination percentage. Germination rates were different among the treatments at the end of study. There were significantly considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among CB varieties. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions. Generally, the first germination percentage was 5 to 25%. However, such Penn-series varieties as Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were much more vigorous over others, resulting in 50 to 75% in the first germination percentage. It took 4 to 10 DAS in reaching to days to the 50% germination, being 5 days in difference among the varieties. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 5.85 days in variety difference. It means 1 to 2 days after days to 50% germination. Penn A-1 was the fastest variety, while T-1 the slowest one. Considering days to the first germination, days to 85% germination, and germination pattern etc, Penn A-1, Penn A-4, Penncross and L-93 were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with CB.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Fifteen cultivars of KB were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Differences were observed in germination percentage, germination pattern, days to the first germination and days to 75% germination. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 75.75 to 90.25% under natural condition. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars according to germination conditions. The first germination in all entries tested was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) condition. But it was observed between 9 and 12 DAS under natural condition, being 3 to 5 days later as compared with ISTA condition. On the first date of a germinating process, the germination rate was 0.25% to 25.00% under ISTA condition, while 0.50% to 13.25% under natural condition. Days to the 75% germination were 15.08 to 28.80 DAS under ISTA condition and 17.78 to 28.75 DAS under natural condition. Midnight II, Excursion and Midnight were the fastest cultivars under ISTA condition, while Odyssey the fastest one under natural condition. Regardless of germination condition, the slowest cultivar was Voyager II, being over 4 weeks to 75% germination percentage. For the most cultivars, days to 75% germination under natural room temperature condition were 1 to 8 days slower than under ISTA condition. From this study information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern among cultivars would be usefully applied for KB establishment such as golf course construction. Prior to on-site seeding, a comprehensive germination test is practically recommended due to a possible decline in germination capability during domestic distribution and storage after import.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries used on the road slope during 30 days. An alternative germination condition for 14 herbaceous plant entries required by International Seed Testing Association(ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$. Significant differences were observed in the first germination rate(0.3%~40.7%)and in the final germination rate(7.7%~93.3%). Days to the first germination(2~8days), days to the 30% germination(2~6days) and days to the peak germination(6~18days) were different among 14 herbaceous plant entries in the study. From this result, we could find out higher final germination rate of 14 herbaceous plant entries in the following order; First, forage crops and cool-season turfgrasses; Second, herbeceous flowers; Third, wild plants. We could also divide germination rate among 14 herbaceous plant entries as 6 groups(I;very high, II;high, III;medium high, IV;medium low, V;low, VI;very low) based on the final germination rate and divide germination speed as 5 groups(A;very fast, B;fast, C;normal, D;slow, E;very slow)based on days to the peak germination. Considering germination characteristics and pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries Medicago sativa, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Cosmos sulphureus were regard as dominating species while Lespedeza cuneata, Silene armeria, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, Coreopsis tinctoria and Centaurea cyanus as competitive species following dominating species. However, Chrysanthemum burbankii, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Chrysanthemum boreale., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Arundinella hirta were not almost expected to emerge.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). Four varieties of TF were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination patterns, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and varieties. Germination percentage was variable with varieties at the end of study. It was 85.25 to 97.00% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and patterns among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 7 and 9 DAS(days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. It was 11 to 12 DAS in days to the 50% germination, which was 3 to 4 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 12.38 to 14.29 DAS, being 1.55 to 4.77 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. Olympic Gold was regarded as the fastest variety and Tar Heel II was slowest. Data from this study demonstrated that information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns among varieties would be usefully applied for TF establishment such as golf course construction.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2000

The experiments were conducted to investigate the characteristics of the seed germination and the bulb dormancy in Korean-native Allium victorialis L. by the physicochemical treatments. The characteristics of two Allium victorialis seeds was similar in shape, color and threshing but different in other characters. Weight of 1,000 grains in Ullrung-native was 14.8g corresponding to 2.1 times as compared with Odae-native. Seeding immediatly after seed collection of Ullrung-native only germinated and chemicals didn't affect in germination improvement. The germination rate, average days to germination and coefficient of germination of Ullrung-native was 86%, 42 days and 2.05 at the dark condition of control, respectively. The germination rate, average days to germination and coefficient of germination of Odae-native was 70%, 47 days and 1.5 at the dark condition of control and 82%, 47 days, 1.75 at the light condition after 5$^{\circ}C$ prechilling for 30 days, respectively. The bedding days to reduce the physiological dormancy in the bulb of Odae-native assumed to be appropriate up to 45 days after the first prechilling.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate the early establishment characteristics and germination patterns of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). Eight cultivars of PR were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $6^{\circ}C$ to $23^{\circ}C$ (natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and cultivars. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 66.25 to 93.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in the early germination characteristics and germination pattern among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 3 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) conditions. But it started between 6 and 8 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 4 days later as compared with that under ISTA conditions. It was 8 to 12 DAS that reached to days to the 50% germination, which was 2 to 5 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 10.08 to 13.70 DAS under natural conditions, being 2.07 to 5.70 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. 'Pennant II' was the fastest cultivar. But the slowest was 'Catalina II' that was 3.62 days later than 'Pennant II' under natural conditions. Considering days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern etc, 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' were regarded as excellent cultivars under both conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with PR.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2003

Germination efficiency, such as days to germination and conditions for the hybrid seeds, was tested after hybrid seeds were sown on the medium. Seeds were germinated from 67 to 126 days after seeding in all cross combinations, and germination condition was different among hybrid combinations. There was big difference on days to germination based on the different media, that is, days to germination in the hyponex medium was shorter than that in the Knudson C medium. Mutants such as MMS and NaN$_3$ were used to cause mutation. Germination occurred with 0.1 % NaN$_3$ and MMS. However, even though germination occurred in other treatments (0.01 % and 0.2% of NaN$_3$ and MMS), brownish phenomenon was intense, or did not proceed and got worse after 4-5 months of seeding. In addition, it was performed to choose appropriate medium for the growth of Cymbidium rhizome whose media adaptability is more different than other orchids. Different concentration of NAA and Kinetin was used. As a result, C. goeringii hybrid showed difference for the concentration of NAA and Kinetin combination.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2009

The seeds of Phellodendron amurense have difficulty to obtain because these plants show dioecism with independent distributions. This experiment was conducted to find the effects of soaking and prechilling treatment on the germination of P. amurense seeds. Seeds were soaked for 3, 5 and 10 days (soaking treatment), and placed on petri-dish at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30 and 50 days after soaked at room temperature for 24 hours (prechilling treatment). After the treatments, germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed and germination performance index were analyzed. As a result of sowing, prechilled seeds for 30 days had the highest percent of germination, whereas all of the soaked seeds showed lower percent of germination than non-treatment (control). In case of mean germination time, only prechilling for 30 days was more effective than control. In germination speed, all of the soaked seeds had lower values than control whereas all prechilled seeds except prechilled seeds for 20 days showed higher values than control. Especially prechilled seeds for 30 days showed the highest rate among the prechilling treatments. Germination performance index was similar to germination speed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

Viviparous germination causes yield loss and quality deterioration of rice. This study was conducted to investigate varietal differences of the viviparous germination with different days after heading (DAH) and different temperatures. In the laboratory examination, the averaged germination rate of all varieties at 45DAH and at 25DAH was 79.9%, and 27.5% under the incubation at the temperature of 3$0^{\circ}C$/2$0^{\circ}C$ (day/night) for 12 days. Andabyeo, Da- sanbyeo, and Nonganbyeo showed the lowest viviparous germination rates among the tested varieties. The shoot length of the viviparous germination measured 12days after incubation at 30/2$0^{\circ}C$ ranged from 21 to 53mm, indicating significant deterioration of rice quality. In the field test, the averaged viviparous germination rates of rice varieties at 25, 35, 45DAH with the underwater conditions for 4 days were 2.2, 6.2 and 9.2%, respectively, while their rates at 12 day after underwater conditions increased to 17.6, 44.2 and 43.8%, respectively. A variety that showed the highest viviparous germination rate at 25 and 35 and 45DAH was Heukjinjubyeo. When standing rice panicles without lodging were examined after consecutive raining for 7 days Juanbyeo showed the highest viviparous germination (45.5%), followed by Odaebyeo (16.0%), Jinbubyeo (14.5 %), Bongkwangbyeo (14.2 %) and Obongbyeo (12.6%). The viviparous germination of rice was greatly affected by variety, days after heading and temperature settings. Bongkwangbyeo, Juanbyeo, Dongjinbyeo, Hwasunchalbyeo, Naepoongbyeo and Heukjinjubyeo were classified as the most susceptible varieties to the viviparous germination in the field conditions.