• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.149-160
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• 1995

We investigated the seasonal changes flower color of 163 deciduous woody landscape plants in the Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The results were as follows; 1. By the month of anthesis of woody landscape plants, only one plant of Hamamelis japonica flowered in February, 15 species in March, 48 species in April, 63 species in May, 23 species in June, 12 species in July, and one plant of Hydrangea paniculata was flowered in August. 2. The flowering period was about 220 days from February 24, 1992 that Hamamelis japonica was anthesis to October 5, 1992 when Hydrangea paniculata was deblossomed. 3. By the flowering period of woody landscape plants, 81 species continued for 11 days through 20 days, and Rosa spp., 118 days, Hibiscus syriacus 'Yungkwang', 80 days, Largerstroemia indica, 65 days, and 6 species continued for 41 through 60 days, 10 species were 31 through 40 days, 43 species were 21 through 30 days, and 20 species were for less than 11 days. 4. The woody landscape plants flowering before leaf spreading, Hamamelis japonica, Abeliophyllum distichum, Prunus mume 'Hwahyangmi', Prunus mume 'Baekkaha', Lindera obtusiloba, Cornus officinalis, Prunus armeniaca. The others were plants with leaves spreading white flowering; Forsythia ovata 'Tetra gold', Forsythia ovata, Corylus hetrophylla, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Magnolia denudata, Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Gold', Forsythia koreana, Magnolia stellata, Acer negundo 'Elegans', Magnolia kobus, Forsythia viridissima 'Bronxensis', Prunus yedoensis, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula, Prunus persica for. albiplena, Prunus tomentosa, Prunus persia, Magnolia liliflora, Prunus glandulosa for. sinensis, Cercis chinensis, Poncirus trifoliata. 5. In terms of flower color based on KBS standard color number, 83 species were white, 44 species wer red, 21 species were yellow, 12 species were violet, and 3 species were green. 6. In terms of the flower color by month. Hamamelis japonica was yellow February. Flower colors in March were : yellow-7 species, red-3 species and white-5 species. Flower colors in April were : White-21 species, red-19 species and yellow-6 species. Flower colors in May were : White-36 species, red-16 species. The white flowers in June were 16 species. Flower colors in July were : white-4 species, red-4 species. 7. The white flower color of woody landscape plants of trees was 35 species. The red flower color was 18 species, yellow flower color was 5 species, violet flower color was 2 species, and green flower color was 3 species. Also the white flower color of woody landscape plants of shrubs was 48 species, red flower color was 25 species, yellow flower color was 17 species and violet flower color was 10 species. 8. The new 'Cultivars' of woody landscape plants are needed to introduced the development of planting design. 9. Present data of illustrated books of plants should be checked by new data that was studied in this research.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.56-67
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• 1978

This study was conducted to characterize comparatively the accumulative patterns of protein and oil, temporal changes in electrophoretic components of proteins during seed development and maturation for the soybean varieties with high, medium and low protein contents. 1. The dry matter of the developing seed increases slowly for the first 22 days after flowering, followed by rapid linear increase for 20 to 30 days and further slow increase for 5 to 15 days attaining its maximum. During the period 12 to 27 days after flowering the protein content of seed increases rapidly while oil content increases rapidly. Following this period of rapid changes, there was period of slow increase until 40 to 47 days after flowering and no seizable further change in the content of both protein and oil. 2. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, was characterized by shorter period and lower rate of decrease in protein content during the early period, followed by longer period and higher rate of increase in protein content, with earlier stop of oil accumlation during the seed development. 3. The low protein and high oil variety, Shelby, was characterized by longer period of decrease in protein content and shorter period of increase in protein content in contrast to the longer period of slow oil increase during seed development. 4. The temporal pattern of protein component accumulation during seed development was distinctly different among varieties differing in protein content. The time of distinct appearance of all the protein components identifiable in the matured seeds was in accordance with the end of d crease in the protein content of seed. A component having Rm of 0.03 which was absent in the matured seeds was identifiable during the first 17 days after flowering. 5. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, had much higher compositioral ratio of the component a from the early days of seed development and it continued to increase until 47 days after flowering, while the increase in the composition of the component a stopped as early as 27 days after flowering in the other lower protein varieties. 6. The composition of the component b increased during the period from 17 to 42 days after flowering in all the varieties tested, but the rate of increase during the period was lowest in the high protein variety, Saikai # 20.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.605-610
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• 2004

This was aim to study the changes of components by different parts and maturity of tomato. Tomato include the green pigment chlorophyll, the yellow pigment-carotene. the red pigment lycopene and the other component. These colors of tomatoes are reported to have important functional roles to promote health in human. The main objective of this study was to define changes in the content of the four tomato maturation that is ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotene, lycopene. A ascorbic acid contents of tomato fruits was the highest at 50th day. Chlorophyll contents of tomatoes fruits was the highest at 10th days after flowering. ${\alpha}$-carotene contained low-quantity while all growth period. ${\beta}$-carotene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, $1036.97{\mu}g$. Lycopene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, $5800{\mu}g$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.598-604
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• 2004

This was aim to study the changes of components by different parts and maturity of tomato. We found that orally fed tomatine which induced a significant reduction in cholesterol in hamster in contrast to potato glycoalkaloids, the safety of tomatine was supported by our observation that pickled green tomatoes consumed widely in many countries has a high tomatine content. The tomatoes harvested during the first stage(10 days after flowering) contained tomatine $6333.49{\mu}g\;per\;100g$ and dohydrotomatine and ${\alpha}$-tomatine in a ratio of about 1:13.8. The tomatine content then decreased by about 85% during stage 2(20 days after flowering) an dehydrotomatine contene dropped to a value near zero during stage 3, 4 It on the tomatine content dropped to a value near zero during the final stage(50 days after flowering). With respect to health benefits at all stages of maturity, unripe tomato contain chlorophyll and ${\alpha}$-tomatine should consumed.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop new lines expressing the characteristic of early flowering by introducing MdMADS2 gene in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) ‘Zinba'. Transformation of chrysanthemum was conducted by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 harboring the binary vector containing MdMADS2 controlled by double CaMV 35S promoters. Ninety three shoots were regenerated from 1,463 leaf segment explants cultured on the first selection medium (MS basal salts + 1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L IAA + 10 mg/L kanamycin + 400 mg/L cefotaxime, pH 5.8) after co-cultivation, and 20 out of the 93 shoots rooted on the second selection medium containing 20 mg/L kanamycin and 400 mg/L cefotaxime. Many escapes (98.6%) were removed on the selection stage for rooting. Nineteen lines were confirmed as transgenic plant with transgene by PCR analysis. Six transgenic plants flowered 2-11 days earlier than non-transgenic plant without big change of phenotype, and especially, 3 (Mo-7, Mo-11, Mo-17) out of 6 transgenic lines showed a significant reduction in days to flowering compared to non-transgenic plant. Introduction and expression of MdMADS2 gene in them were confirmed by Southern and real-time PCR analyses, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 2017

This study was conducted over a 3-year period from 2013 to 2015 in the mid-northern inland, Cheolweon, Korea, to investigate changes in flowering date, daily mean temperature during grain filling, and yield characteristics affected by transplanting date in an early-maturing rice variety, 'Joun'. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted at four different dates at 15-day interval from May 5 to June 19. Flowering dates were July 16, July 21, July 31, and August 14 when transplanting was performed on May 5, May 20, June 4, and June 19, respectively. Late transplanting resulted in higher daily mean temperature before flowering but late-transplanted rice required fewer days and lower cumulative temperature to reach flowering from transplanting. As transplanting was delayed, daily mean temperature for 40 days after flowering decreased, whereas daily sunshine hours for the same period increased, with a temperature of $24.8^{\circ}C$ and sunshine for 5.8 hours being recorded at the transplanting on May 5, and with a temperature of $21.0^{\circ}C$ and sunshine for 7.7 hours at the transplanting on June 19. With late transplanting, panicles per square meter significantly decreased, whereas spikelets per panicle showed an increasing trend. Regression analysis showed that maximum head rice yield was attained from the transplanting on May 18, for which the flowering date was July 21, and daily mean temperature for 40 days from that flowering date was $24.6^{\circ}C$. A decrease in head rice yield by 5% and 10% of the maximum was observed for rice transplanted on June 6 and June 15, which resulted in flowering dates of August 2 and August 11, respectively, and the daily mean temperatures for 40 days from flowering were 23.2 and $21.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, in mid-northern inland, it is recommended to transplant 'Joun' on May 18 to induce flowering on July 21, when grain filling is subjected to a daily mean temperature of $24.6^{\circ}C$ during active filling stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.510-517
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• 2015

Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.104-118
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• 2009

This study was carried out to classify Korean soybean varieties base on maturity group (MG) and to find character relationships according to planting date for high quality soybean seed production adapted to early season cultivation environment of Miryang. Results of maturity grouping of Korean soybean varieties showed that Keunol (3 cultivars), belonged to Group 0; Seonnok and Danmi in Group II, Shinrok in Group III, Seonyu (17 cultivars), in Group IV, Taekwang (44 cultivars) in Group V, Daewon (25 cultivars) in Group VI, and Kwangdu and Keumdu in Group VII. Agronomic characteristics of 100 soybean varieties were compared based on MG, cultivation year and seeding date. Soybean varieties belonging to the MG $VI{\sim}VII$ showed longer days to flowering and growth period, high lodging density and higher yield. Seed quality analysis revealed that as maturity was delayed, seed weight becomes heavier while seed cracks become abundant. In addition, occurrence of purple seed and phomopsis were higher in MG $0{\sim}III$. Protein content was higher in MG $0{\sim}III$, and isoflavone content was higher as maturity was delayed. On the other hand, lipid content was generally similar across MGs. Correlation analysis of major agronomic characters showed positive relationships between days to flowering and growth days, seed weight and lodging in MG $IV{\sim}V$, seed crack and growth days in MG $0{\sim}III$, seed crack and days to flowering in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, seed crack and lodging in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, seed crack and seed weight in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, purple seed and growth days in MG $IV{\sim}V$, purple seed and seed weight in MG $VI{\sim}VII$, phomopsis and growth days in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, and phomopsis and purple seed in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$. In contrast, a negative relationship was observed between seed weight and lodging in MG $0{\sim}III$. Correlating yield and major characters revealed negative relationships between days to flowering and growth days in MG $0{\sim}III$ and MG $IV{\sim}V$, whereas positive relationships were obtained on MG $VI{\sim}VII$ seeded on April 30. Lodging, seed weight and seed crack were all negatively correlated with yield in the MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$. Soybean cultivars identified as adaptable to early season planting for production of high quality soy curd and fermented soybean paste were Seonyu, Kwangdu, and Soho while those suited for the manufacture of soybean sprouts were Sobaeknanul, Kwangan, Sowon, and Bosuk. Geomjeong 2 chosen as best for mixing with rice.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 2008

Studies were carried out to elucidate the effect of temperature, glasshouse forcing date and $GA_3$ on the growth and flowering of pot Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. The plant height was elongated in the $5^{\circ}C$ treatments as 38 cm compared with $20^{\circ}C$ treatment as 6.7 cm, and stem length showed the similar results. The leaf length and width was broadened in the lower temperature, and stem diameter showed the same tendency. The first flowering date in the $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ treatment shortened markedly than $5^{\circ}C$ treatment. Days to flowering date of $5^{\circ}C$ was 161 day, while it shortened as 88 day in the $15^{\circ}C$ treatment. The flowering rate was 75.8~90.7% in the temperature. The plant height was elongated in the late glasshouse forcing date, and the leaf length and width showed the similar tendency. The plant height increased in the higher concentration of $GA_3$ compared to the control, and leaf length and width showed the similar results. The first flowering day was advanced by 7 days in the $GA_3$ $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment which had been transferred to greenhouse on Dec. 30 compared with the control of which first flowering day was March 17, and the days to first flowering was conspicuously shortened in the late glasshouse forcing treatment. The width of flower cluster was increased in the $GA_3$ at Dec. 30 glasshouse forcing treatment. The flowering rate was markedly decreased as 62.3% in the control of Nov. 15 treatment, but was increased as 97.9% of $GA_3$ $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of Jan. 15 treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 1996

This study was carried out to improve utility value as soybean genetic resources and to obtain basic information for color-soybean breeding. The 146 local color soybean lines collected in Kyongbuk province were investigated major agronomic characteristics. Seed coat-color showed seven different types which were black, white mottled on black, white mottled on brown, black saddle on green, green, raddish brown and brown. Major color types were black and green colors. The 90 percent of collected lines were purple in flower color. The 86 lines were green in color of cotyledonary part and 64 lines yellow. Great variations were observed in days to flowering and days from flowering to maturity, 51 to 81 days and 75 to 103 days, respectively. But days to maturity was 150 to 159 days and had smaller variation than days to flowering and days from flowering to maturity in all lines except those with white mottled on black (123 days). The 100 seed weight ranged below 10g to over 36g. Black seed color with green embryo seed was heavier seed weight than black seed color with yellow embryo seed. Seed shape of all collected lines was ellipsodial and average ratio of length: width: thickness of seed was 1:0.87:0.69. Positive correlation coeffieients were obtained among seed length, width, thickness and 100 seed weight.