• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.72-89
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• 2000

Background : Various types of protective footwear have been used to minimize bacterial contamination in operating rooms. In recent years, debate has arisen concerning the need for use of such protective footwear. This study was designed to provide useful data about choosing shoes most suitable for the surgical environment. Methods : Between November, 1999 and January, 2000, we performed this experimental study by comparing effect of three types of shoes (i.e., disposable shoescover, operating room-restricted shoes, and ordinary shoes) on bacterial contamination of operating rooms equipped with two different ventilation systems (i.e., high air-change, low air-change) respectively. Data were collected during two- hour sham operations in which subjects and their activities were strictly standardized. Bacterial flora were sampled from the study area floor and air colony counts were measured. Results : In experiments involving high air-change ventilation system, there was a significant difference of floor contamination between three types of shoes, but no difference of air contamination. Under low air-change system, there was a significant difference of both floor and air contamination between three types of shoes. Conclusion : The results show that protective footwear would be unnecessary in the operating room with high air-change ventilation system, but it is important to choose suitable shoes carefully under low air-change system. Therefore, the use of outdoor shoes can be considered under high air-change system, but it would seem sensible to apply their first use in less bloody operations at the day surgery center or out-patient department to prevent transfer of body fluid into the outside environment.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-45
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this study were to measure quality of life(QOL) in liver transplant recipients, to compare QOL between living donor liver transplant recipients and cadaveric liver transplant recipients and to investigate whether SF-36 may be used as a disease-specific instrument in liver transplant recipients. Methods : We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study of 133 LT recipients ages 13 to 65 years, all of whom had had Liver Transplantation(LT) at least 1 months previously. QOL was assessed using a self-completion questionnaire consisting of the Bang Whal Ran(1991) instruments and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36) health status profile measure. We investigated whether the SF-36 instrument may be used as a disease-specific instrument in LT recipients. Individual scale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score reflecting better health. Data on demographics, clinical status at pre transplantation 1 day, post transplantation clinical status, and graft function were collected to identify predictors of post transplantation QOL. Results : Standard measures for test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and concurrent validity were examined. The reliability of the SF-36, as measured by test-retest correlation(Pearson coefficients: 0.729, p=0.002) and by internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha: 0.9431) exceeded conventional acceptability criteria. The correlation between domain scores of SF-36 and the Bang Whal Ran(l991) was clear and logical in that the clinical characteristics of SF-36 strongly correlated with the clinical component summary score of the Bang Whal Ran(l991)(r = 0.8155, P<.01). SF-36 scale scores were compared between Cadaveric Liver Transplant recipients and Living Donor Liver Transplant recipients. Donor types of post LT did not influence HRQOL(p>0.05). 87% of the liver transplant recipients were satisfied to get LT. Satisfaction of post LT showed significantly greater HRQOL(p<0.001). Conclusion : SF-36 is found reliable and valid. This study indicates thet Donor Type did not influence HRQOL after LT. The information gained from this study will help us to better define expectations and the clinical course after liver transplantation to patients and their families.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.403-414
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• 2002

I. Purpose of Study Zea Mays L. has been known to be effective for improving periodontal health and Magnoliae cortex to have effective antibacterial and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study was to examine the biologic effects of Zea Mays L. and Magnoliae cortex extract mixtures on healing of rat calvarial bone defects. II. Materials & Methods 8mm circular defects were prepared on rat calvaria during surgical procedures of 180 Sprague-Dawley rats. The ethanolic extracts of Magnoliae cortex and Zea Mays L. and these two natural extract 1:1 and 2:1 (Magnoliae: Zea Mays L.) ratio mixtures were oral administrated by oral zondes once a day at two different dose of 94.5mg/kg, 189mg/kg body weight. There are nine groups of rats in this study: control group (no sample loading), Magnoliae cortex extract loading groups (I,II)(94.5mg/kg,189mg/kg respectively), Zea Mays L. extract loading groups (I,II), M:Z(1:1) loading groups (I,II), M:Z(2:1) loading groups(I,II). Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks and 6 weeks after surgery. New bone formations around calvarial defects were radiographically and histologically measured by computerassisted histomorphometry. Each data was statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA test. III. Results There were statistical significances between negative control group and the other test groups on radiographical and histological quantitative assessments. Among test groups, mixture groups showed statistical significances, especially, M:Z (2:1) groups (I and II) were highly significant.(p<0.05) These results implicated that the mixture of Magnoliae and Zea Mays L. (2:1 mixing ratio) with 94.5mg/kg concentration might be highly effective on the wound healing of bony defected site and have potential possibilities as a useful drug to promote bone tissue regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

Background and Objectives : Signal traduction through phospholipase C(PLC) participate in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Growth factors bind to their receptors and thereby induce tyrosine phophorylation of the phospholipase C-${\gamma}$1(PLC-${\gamma}$1). PLC-${\gamma}$1 is a substrate for several receptor tyrosine kinases and its catalytic activity is increased by tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation of PLC-${\gamma}$1 stimulates PLC activation and cell proliferation. However the signal transduction pathway and the significance of PLC in injured recurrent laryngeal nerve regeneration is unknown. Therefore after we obtained fuctionally recovered rats using PEMF in this study, we attempt to provide some evidence that PLC plays a role in nerve regeneration itself and regeneration related to PEMF through the analysis of the difference between fucntional recovery group and non-recovery group in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Materials and Method : Using 32 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, transections and primary anastomosis were performed on their left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Rats were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. The experimental group(n=16) received PEMS by placing them in custom cages equipped with Helm-holz coils(3hr/day, 5days/wk, for 12wk). The control group(n=16) were handled the same way as the experimental group, except that they did not receive PEMS. Laryngo-videoendoscopy was performed before and after surgery and followed up weekly. Laryngeal EMG was obtained in both PCA and TA muscles. Immunohistochemisty staining and Western blotting analysis using monoclonal antibody was performed to detect PLC-${\gamma}$1 in recurrent laryngeal nerve and nodose ganglion. Results : 10 rats(71%) in experimental group and 4 rats(38%) in the control group showed recovery of vocal fold motion. Functionally-recoverd rats show PLC-${\gamma}$1 positive cells in neuron and ganglion cells after 12 weeks from nerve injury. Conclusion : This study shows that PLC1-${\gamma}$ involved in singnal trasduction pathway in functinal recovery of injured recurrent laryngeal nerve and PEMF enhance the functional recovery by effect on this molecule.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2014

Objective : In this study, the addition of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) was affected the anti-climacterium activity of red clover dry extracts (RC) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Materials and methods : After bilateral OVX surgery, RC 40 mg/kg, PCP 20 mg/kg and RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (g/g) 120, 60 and 30 mg/kg (of body weight) were orally administered, once a day for 84 days, and then the changes on the serum estradiol levels, abdominal fat pad and uterus weights were observed for estrogenic effects. In addition, liver weights, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were also evaluated for hepatoprotective effects, and serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were monitored for hypolipidemic effects. Results : As a result of OVX, the estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms, increments of abdominal fat pad weights, serum AST, ALT, TC, LDL and TG levels with decrease of uterus and liver weights, serum estradiol levels, were demonstrated. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms induced by bilateral OVX in rats were significantly inhibited by continuous oral treatment of RC 40 mg/kg, PCP 20 mg/kg and RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (g/g) 120, 60 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion : The results suggested that RC:PCP 2:1 mixtures synergistically increased the anti-climacterium effects of RC in OVX rats. It, therefore, is expected that RC:PCP 2:1 mixture will be promising as a new potent protective agents for relieving the climacterium symptoms.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 2006

During long bone lengthening, there are many disadvantages including axial deviation, malalignment and re-fracture which are commonly encountered inspite of its proven abilities. To study the effects of intramedullary K-wire application on the lengthening of long bone, ten skeletally mature mongrel dogs were separated into two groups(Group I, II). Right femurs of group I(5 dogs) were fixed with only monolateral external fixator after subperiosteal osteotomy. Right femurs of group II(5 dogs) were fixed with mono lateral external fixator and intramedullary K-wire after subperiosteal osteotomy. Lengthening was started at 7 days after the surgery with the rate of 0.5 mm per day for 5 weeks and the dogs were sacrificed after 15 weeks postoperatively to examine histologic differences and evaluate bone mineral density. Radiographic examination at an interval of two weeks was done to evaluate the type of callus formed and to analyze complications including instability of external skeletal fixation and axial deviation. Bone mineral density at the lengthened area and contralateral nonlengthened area were measured using quantitative computerized tomography. Histological examination of regenerated bone was performed using Masson's trichrome stain method. The radiographs demonstrated poor callus formation, higher incidence of axial deviation and screw loosening in the group I compared to the group II. The bone mineral density at the lengthened area in the group II was higher than that of the group I(P<0.05). Histological examination showed that the new bone trabeculae in the group II were greater than that of the group I. In conclusion, the combination of monolateral external fixator and intramedullary K-wire can prevent pin loosening, axial deviation and reduce healing period in dogs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.489-495
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• 2013

Objective : To evaluate the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy for recurrent anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (AOA). Methods : A multi-center retrospective trial enrolled seventy-two patients with histologically proven AO/AOA who underwent TMZ chemotherapy for their recurrent tumors from 2006 to 2010. TMZ was administered orally (150 to 200 $mg/m^2/day$) for 5 days per 28 days until unacceptable toxicity occurred or tumor progression was observed. Results : TMZ chemotherapy cycles administered was median 5.3 (range, 1-41). The objective response rate was 24% including 8 cases (11%) of complete response and another 23 patients (32%) were remained as stable disease. Severe side effects (${\geq}$grade 3) occurred only in 9 patients (13%). Progression-free survival (PFS) of all patients was a median 8.0 months (95% confidence interval, 6.0-10.0). The time to recurrence of a year or after was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS (p<0.05). Overall survival (OS) was apparently differed by the patient's histology, as AOA patients survived a median OS of 18.0 months while AO patients did not reach median OS at median follow-up of 11.5 months (range 2.7-65 months). Good performance status of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0 and 1 showed prolonged OS (p<0.01). Conclusion : For recurrent AO/AOA after surgery followed by radiation therapy, TMZ could be recommended as a salvage therapy at the estimated efficacy equal to procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy at first relapse. For patients previously treated with PCV, TMZ is a favorable therapeutic option as 2nd line salvage chemotherapy with an acceptable toxicity rate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.438-445
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• 2010

The immunomodulatory effects of Aureohasidium pullulans SM-2001 exopolymers containing $\beta$-1,3/1,6-glucan were evaluated in cyclophosphamide (CPA)-treated mice. To induce immunosuppression, 150 and 110 mg/kg of CPA were intraperitoneally injected 3 days and 1 day, respectively, before beginning administration of the test material. Exopolymers were delivered subcutaneously or orally, four times, in a volume of 10 ml/kg at 12-h intervals beginning 24 h after the second CPA treatment. Changes in thymus and spleen weights, splenic amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-10, and numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and TNF-$\alpha+$ thymus and spleen cells were monitored in CPA-treated mice. As a result of CPA treatment, dramatic decreases in the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and TNF-$\alpha+$ cells were detected in the thymus and spleen, along with decreases in thymus and spleen weights. In addition, splenic TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-10 contents were also decreased on observation with flow cytometry. However, oral and subcutaneous treatments with exopolymers effectively reduced the immunosuppressive changes induced by CPA. Therefore, it is concluded that exopolymers of A. pullulans SM-2001 can effectively prevent immunosuppression through, at least partially, the recruitment of T cells and TNF-$\alpha+$ cells or enhancement of their activity, and can provide an effective component of prevention or treatment regimens for immunosuppression related to cancer, sepsis, and high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 1976

This study was conducted to see whether the hippocampectomy exerted facilitatory influence upon gastric ulceration in animals, and if so, whether the effect of hippocampectomy could be suppressed by adrenalectomy. 107 male rats were divided into 5 groups: rats that had over 90% of their hippocampal tissue removed through an opening on each side of the cerebral cortex(hippocampal group, N=21), rats that received bilateral adrenalectomy(adrenal group, N=29), rats that received adrenalectomy as well as hippocampectomy(hippocampo-adrenal group, N=10), rats that received damage to each side of the cortex over the hippocampus(cortical control group, N=20), and rats that had solely their head skin incised(normal control group, N=27). All rats were kept without restraint or food deprivation until on the 25th day after surgery, the stomach of each rat was inflated with 7ml of physiological saline and then removed under deep anesthesia. The mucosal surface was sketched under dissecting microscope, and enlarged photographs$(4{\times})$ were taken. The percentage of animals developing gastric ulcer in each animal group was calculated, the number of ulcer in each stomach was counted, and the total area of ulceration per stomach was measured on the Photograph with the aid of superimposed graph paper and expressed as permillage of total area of the glandular mucosa. Results obtained were as follows: 1. The percentage of animals developing gastric ulcer was significantly larger in the hippocampal group than they were in the hippocampo-adrenal, the adrenal, the cortical, and the normal control groups. 2. The mean number of ulcer per stomach was significantly larger in the hippocampal group than they were in the adrenal, the cortical control, and the normal control groups, while no significant difference existed between the hippocampal and the hippocampo-adrenal groups. 3. Total area of ulcer per stomach was significantly larger in the hippocampal group than they were in the cortical control and the normal control groups, but no significant differ-ence existed among the hippocampal, the adrenal, and the hippocampo·adrenal groups. 4. All measured values of the adrenal group were not significantly different from those of the hippocampo-adrenal, the cortical control, and the normal control groups. It is inferred from the above results that the hippocampus exerts an inhibitory influence upon gastric ulceration and that the hippocampal influence is mediated only partly through suppression of pituitary·adrenal activity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.351-363
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate pulp and periodontal changes following rapid tooth retraction by periodontal distraction after bone undermining surgery in young adult dogs. Methods: Alter extraction of second premolars, the interseptal bone mesial to the upper 3rd premolar was undermined. After activating the distraction appliance at 0.5 mm/day for six days, the dogs were sacrificed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks during the consolidation period. Tissue changes of periodontium and pulp were evaluated radiologically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. Results: Digital subtraction radiography showed active bone formation in the stretched periodontal ligament from 0 - 4 weeks. Resorption of the alveolar bone, appearance of osteoclasts, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed just after the activation period at the pressure side, and distinctive bone formation was seen in the tension side of the periodontal ligament from 1 week. New bone formation was active at 1 - 3 weeks. The expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the experimental group was increased at the alveolar bone and pulp, and periodontal ligament at the pressure side from 0 - 1 week, and it decreased after 5 weeks to become similar to that of the control group. Conclusions: The results showed that rapid tooth movement using periodontal distraction can be new form of orthodontic tooth movement for accelerating normal bone formation.